Showing posts with label Nichiren Buddhism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Nichiren Buddhism. Show all posts

Tuesday, June 26, 2012

Buddhist Readings for Christians: Come follow me

Dynamic tranquility: the Buddha in contemplation.
Dynamic tranquility: the Buddha in contemplation. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
This is a follow-up to a post about some similarities in the writings on Buddhism by Nikkyo Niwano, the founder of modern Nichiren Buddhist lay organization Rissho Kosei-kai, and some elements of Christian teachings. The following excerpts are taken from the chapters in Buddhism for Today corresponding to chapters 14 through 16 in the Lotus Sutra. Some is simply common to spiritual discipline and advice, others perhaps not so common. Only some of many possible examples are given.


The point here is not to make claims about the relative truth of Buddhism or Christianity, or to try to encourage people to convert to a particular religion. But maybe there can be more understanding between people with different backgrounds regarding religion.


From Chapter 14:
[I]n a movie we see a man carrying a pack weighing thirty or forty kilograms on his back and climbing a mountain, bathed in perspiration. Viewers of such a film must feel how arduous it is to climb the mountain. Sometimes it takes three or four hours to advance only twenty or thirty meters. Moreover, the climber risks his life with every step. If it grows dark while he is scaling a rocky cliff, he must hang from the rock and sleep in place in subzero temperatures. If a man were obliged to undergo such an ordeal on the orders of his employer, then indeed he could bring a complaint against the employer for infringing his human rights. However, a mountain climber does this voluntarily. Though he certainly feels pain, his mind is peaceful, and his pain even contributes to his pleasure and enjoyment.

In practicing the teaching of the Lotus Sutra, so long as a person forces himself to endure persecution and the scorn of outsiders though filled with anger and resentment, he is a beginner in Buddhist disciplines. A person who has attained the Way can maintain a peaceful and calm mind even while suffering, and can feel joy in the practice itself. Until a person attains such a state of mind, he must take scrupulous care not to be tempted or agitated by the various setbacks in his daily life.

...

Thursday, June 21, 2012

Chanting to the Gohonzon and praying the Psalms

Español: Este es un Gohonzon inscripto por el ...
Español: Este es un Gohonzon inscripto por el mismo Nichieren en 1280 para su discipulo Nissho; etse estilo de Gohonzon es llamado Ichinen Sanzen Gohonzon (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Yes.

So now that I've confirmed you read the title correctly, here is a quote from an article by Sandy McIntosh titled "As American As Apple Pie?" that appeared in a 1992 in the Winter 1992 issue of Tricycle magazine:
The liturgy of gongyo encourages one to clear the mind of wishes, anxieties, and other distracting thoughts so that when it is time to chant Nam Myoho Renge Kyo (the most important part of the practice) the mind will be sufficiently stilled to concentrate on the Gohonzon. The goal of this "assiduous practice" is the fusion of one's mind with the reality of the Gohonzon—it means reading the Chinese characters not simply with one's eyes but "with one's life"—through chanting Nam Myoho Renge Kyo.
 ...
I had friends who started off chanting for cheaper drugs and free money. Like them, I treated the Gohonzon as a pimp. I wanted to see if chanting would work. I set about praying for things (a summer job, a girlfriend, even a good parking spot) that would fill immediate needs or give instant pleasure. Some things I got; others I didn't. The things I really needed-such as better relationships with people and with myself-eluded me. Nevertheless, I continued to chant. Gradually, my interest in shortterm material benefits was displaced by a hunger for longerterm spiritual ones. I found that chanting incessantly about difficult personal problems, like polishing a mirror, brought clarity to my situation. The more difficult or painful the motivation for my chanting, the clearer the mirror of my faith reflected my ownership of whatever troubled me. I could no longer deny the responsibility for my predicaments. In my experience, the activity of chanting for material or spiritual things becomes a process of cleansing one's spirit, not corrupting it; and Buddhists who began by chanting for hotter cars ended up driven to awaken themselves and help others, at times with great energy and joy. 
This was published not long after the bitter split between Nichiren Shoshu and the Soka Gakkai, so it is relevant to the perspectives of people in both camps at that time. The whole "chanting for stuff" issue has been debated many times in various venues and forums, with the above as an example of a pro-chanting for stuff argument that has been developed and polished over the years. It is akin to petitionary prayer in theism.

The point of similarity I wish to make between that and chanting or singing or just reading the Psalms as prayer early in the Daily or Divine Office is one of clearing the air, getting out what is most distracting you by way of engendering fear, anger, lust, or despair. I think the Psalms, along with prayers for specific personalized petitions, might serve a function similar to what McIntosh and others have described. You pour out your heart to make room the the divine, whether that is conceptualized as God or Buddha-nature or the Buddha-dharma (rendered in Nichiren Shoshu and the Soka Gakkai as the "Mystic Law").

I would not be surprised to find parallels in other forms of Buddhism or in non-Buddhist traditions. I suppose it does make a certain kind of sense. One problem I have with the Psalms though is that they may not really reflect the state I am in and therefore not really act as a way to clarify it. I suppose it could be seen as a way to practice sympathy and solidarity with others, although as I understand it that is not the point of praying them, but really it just makes me bored, sad, irritated, or judgmental.

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Tuesday, June 19, 2012

Buddhist Readings for Christians: Appearing Buddha, Original Buddha

Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana
Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
From Buddhism for Today, a contemporary commentary for the Lotus Sutra, by Nikkyo Niwano, the founder of Rissho Kosei-kai, a modern Nichiren lay organization.  Sound familiar?
The "appearing Buddha" indicates the historical Shakyamuni, who was born in this world, attained Buddhahood after years of asceticism, and died at the age of eighty. Therefore the Law of Appearance includes the teachings of the organization of the universe, human life, and human relationships on the basis of the experience and enlightenment of Shakyamuni, who attained the ideal state of a human being. Shakyamuni also teaches us that wisdom is the most important attribute for maintaining a correct human relationships.

Shakyamuni has continually taught people throughout the universe since the infinite past. In other words, the Buddha is the truth of the universe, that is, the fundamental principle or the fundamental power causing all phenomena of the universe, including the sun, other stars, human beings, animals, plants, and so on, to live and move. Therefore the Buddha has existed everywhere in the universe since its beginning. This Buddha is called the Original Buddha (hombutsu).

The human form in which the Original Buddha appeared in this world is the historical Shakyamuni as the appearing Buddha. We can easily understand the relationship between the two when we consider the relationship between electric waves and television. The electric waves emitted by television transmitters fill our surroundings. We cannot see, hear, or touch them, but it is a fact that such electric waves fill the space around us. When we switch on our television sets and tune them to a particular channel, the same image appears and the same voice is heard through every set tuned to that wavelength. The Original Buddha is equivalent to the person who speaks from the television studio. He is manifest not only in the studio but also permeates our surroundings like electric waves. The appearing Buddha corresponds to the image of this person that appears on the television set and to the voice emanating from it. The appearing Buddha could not appear if the Original Buddha did not exist, just as no television image could appear and no voice be heard if electric waves did not exist. Conversely, we cannot see the Original Buddha except through the appearing Buddha, just as we cannot receive electric waves as images and voices except through the medium of a television set.

Thus, the Original Buddha is the Buddha who exists in every part of the universe from the infinite past to the infinite future, but only through the teachings of Shakyamuni, who appeared in this world in obedience to the truth of the Original Buddha, can we understand that truth. We cannot declare that either the Original Buddha or the appearing Buddha is the more holy or the more important: both are necessary.

Radio and television stations emit electric waves, in the hope that as many people as possible will receive them through their television sets and radios. In the same way, the Original Buddha exists in every part of the universe, ready to save all beings of the universe. He instructs men, animals, and plants; and salvation means the full manifestation and complete development of the life essential to each form of life according to its true nature.

The Original Buddha is one with the truth of the universe. We have only to tune the wavelength of our own lives to that of the truth of the universe, and the Buddha appears to us. At that time the dark cloud of illusion covering our minds and bodies vanishes completely and the brilliant light of our essential life begins to shine from within our minds. This state of mind is our real salvation, and the spiritual state that we should attain.

The Original Buddha exists permanently from the infinite past to the infinite future, that is, this Buddha is without beginning or end. This Buddha appears in various forms appropriate to the particular time and place for the salvation of all people by means suited to their capacity to understand his teachings. This is the concept of the Original Buddha.

Saturday, February 18, 2012

God is emptiness (the transcendence of God)

This is part of a series reflecting on God-talk and Buddhist terminology. It is an opening to dialogue, not a final word on the subject.

Emptiness. If you are ever going to get tired of hearing people talk about a Buddhist concept this has to be a front runner.

If you spend time reading about emptiness in popular magazines and books or popular websites, you will learn that some older translations into English included "void", and that this negative impression still remains with emptiness.

In attempting to correct this, other images are sometimes suggested. Emptiness refers to a lack of something, but what? One expression popularized by Tibetan Buddhists is that things don't exist "on their own side". Chan/Zen Buddhists favor "lack of intrinsic existence". Pure Land Buddhists, Nichiren Buddhists, and others have similar variations on this theme.

Another way to approach the matter is to turn the negative into a positive. If something does not exist under its own power or will (emptiness), but is instead made up of and connected to other things (dependent co-arising), then everything must be subject to change (impermanence) and hence can only exist because they are not permanent and independent objects (no-self). The capacity for change, the formless ground from which phenomena emerges, can be thought of as the essence of potential itself. The power of possibility. 

That sounds much more affirming and exciting than talking about what things are not. Yet it is precisely in emphasizing what things, including our basic categories of perception and thought, are not that emptiness does its best work. This is probably because emptiness itself is not a thing at all, but an insight about things.

Simple, right?

Wednesday, August 17, 2011

Religious ceremony and the inner landscape

Relief, Auch Cathedral, France: the Ark of the...Image via WikipediaEach sacred tradition has some way of connecting what we consider to be the objective, or external world, to the subjective, or internal world. Even those which state that it is all one in God or in Mind or the like.

In Nichiren Buddhism, this is the Gohonzon, a scroll with sacred writing embodying the Lotus Sutra. One is to chant to the scroll, which is a physical representation of the Buddha-nature in the person chanting. The outer representation of the altar and scroll, recalling the Ceremony in the Air, is supposed to merge with the inner landscape of those performing this ritual.

In Shin Buddhism and in the larger realm of Pure Land Buddhism, the same can kind of association can be applied to its ceremonies and to the imagery of Amitabha Buddha and the Pure Land.

In Judaism, this externality was the Ark of the Covenant carrying the tablets of Moses as well as the tent in which it (and the Spirit of God) resided. It was also associated with the Temple in Jerusalem, and after the last demolition of the temple building, it was associated with the scrolls of the Torah itself. In Christianity, after and perhaps prior to the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, this externality was transferred to the person of Jesus of Nazareth and was then extended to the Eucharist. And so on.

And I can hear some mumbling. "So what?"

Sunday, May 15, 2011

Bullshit Buddhism, Counterfeit Christianity

Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism by Chögy...Image via Wikipedia
When I first started seriously investigating Buddhism, circa 2004, I was immediately taken by many things. I read up on Ch'an, some Zen, all kinds of Pure Land, a bit of Tendai, and a huge chunk of Nichiren Buddhism. Basically the East Asian Mahayana forms were my focus, although I did look somewhat into other areas, including what is typically labeled under the umbrella of "Tibetan" Buddhism.

Well, the thing is, it clicked. Perfectly. It was nearly enough to overcome my secular aversion to any notion of rebirth--not quite-- but it felt like coming home. Or something similar to that. The simplicity, the directness and the fact that the Dharma Seals, all of the teachings, could be reduced to a proper appreciation of Shunyata. Nor did one need to dismiss other religions as false or inferior.

It was a bit like Unitarian Univeralism except that it did have specific teachings, history, practices and precepts that made it more than just a tent for various views and opinions united by the desire for liberal-leaning Western-style social justice. So it seemed that after having become dissatisfied with secular humanism and irreligious atheism, I had found a spiritual home. I would certainly be challenged in both group and individual practice, so the easy fit wouldn't be a cakewalk. Excellent, I thought to myself, and now I have a conduit to deepen my pursuit of truth and understanding and compassion. Sounds awesome, right?

Saturday, February 19, 2011

Does Jesus represent one of the 84,000 Dharma doors?

Buddha Daibutsu, Kamakura, Japan. This statue,...                                         Image via Wikipedia
I would guess that at least some long time visitors and friends for this site, as well as new visitors who look at some of the site's history, will notice that the theme was mostly Buddhist in nature and is less so over the past 12-18 months.  At least overtly Buddhist, as in bearing the trappings of (East) Asian culture. There are still posts that are "Buddhist" even by this standard, but there has been much more on general spirituality and religion, interfaith issues, and Christian themes.  Some of this is partially explained by the background page I created.

As I alluded to there and elsewhere, I am not trying to "put a yak's head on a cow's body".  I don't think Christianity are Buddhism are the same religion or that should be stitched together as one; they clearly have different perspectives, backgrounds, and methods. They come from different cultures and have developed around specific concerns.  That does not mean that they cannot both reflect touching or learning from the same ground of wisdom, or that they aren't sisters.  They can be unique and still have the same mother.  In fact, we can see examples of how they both approach similar concerns very differently, yet underneath may be lurking a common thread.  In fact, it is the fact that they each diverge widely in some ways while retaining some key fundamental similarities that makes them more compatible to me.  Rather than trying to cover the same ground, and hence being directly in conflict, there distinctiveness allows them to be complementary. This gives them quite a bit they can learn from each other, an interesting interconnection between East and West. In it much like the yin and yang combining in the classic Taoist symbol, as I am holding both traditions in a dynamic tension.

I have always found Buddhist sutras, poetry and prayers, particularly of the East Asian/Mahayana traditions, to be very inspiring and moving.  The affirmation they offer, the consistently peaceful and empowering imagery and message, on occasion provokes a faint but endearing sense approaching what I imagine the sacred is like.  But I sometimes get fatigued with some elements of Western Buddhism, which ever so lightly imply they or their tradition is better than those "religious people" (there are those deny Buddhism is a religion because of the baggage they associate with that term), especially those from Western/Abrahamic religions.  I admit to once being tempted to feel the same way, to feel bodhier than thou. And while I may not look down on Christianity as a whole anymore, I am still tempted to be less than charitable towards those who have been loosely labeled fundamentalists.

On the other hand, I've been drawn to several traditions in East Asian Buddhism (Chinese Pure Land, Shin, Chan, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, etc), and have had a hard time consistently following one or finding groups to meet with. That of course can be seen as providing an opportunity to create new inroads and build something, but it also means much less support for someone who needs it.  There is also a kind of energy in Buddhism as it propagates out of Asia, a vitality and an enthusiasm that captures the imagination and the heart.  Ironically, in places like Japan, Buddhism is said to be slowly turning into a funeral religion. That is, people turn to it for major occasions in life; since those who practice it tend to be older, the most common occasion is, of course, the end of life. This trend is also seen in the Christian equivalent of East Asia for Buddhism. i.e. Europe (and by extension the United States). Old school and mainline Christian denominations have been on the decline for decades. Yet newer incarnations that have their roots in the first half of the 20th century such as Pentecostalism are making waves in the old territories, much like groups such as the Soka Gakkai have in Japan. And these Christian movements also have quite the vitality as they spread into places like Latin America and Africa.

Friday, August 6, 2010

God, Christianity, Buddhism, Shin, Ichinen Sanzen and more

What follows are replies in a discussion which started with a non-Orthodox modern Christian over an article about an Orthodox view of Jesus.  It is long.  Some of it covers things I have written here before.  Other material is new or incorporates previous thoughts and concerns in new ways.  Many Christians and Buddhists will have a problem with it, especially if they aren't familiar with how I used certain words and concepts and the material I have been posting here for years.  That is OK.  This isn't an argument or provocation which needs to be attacked or defended.  Thank you for understanding.

On the concern that the article suggests we will lose our identities if we are absorbed into Christ


Can't the same be asked of any language suggesting union with God? I have never seen anything in the usage of such language that suggests that this means loss of individuality but rather its ultimately fulfillment. Jesus talks about people being with God as He and the Father are one, so I'm not sure why this is problematic.

On the implication from the article on the role of the Church

Many folks would say "If you aren't going out to save people what is the point?" But the Gospel simply means good news and the commission is to share that news. Being an ambassador and building a Church to share this news doesn't have to equate with setting up an institution to save people (which first involves convincing them they are damned). The news that you are welcome, accepted and loved beyond measure isn't trivial nor is it easy to accept. The Church and its ambassadors would have plenty to do just living as if these things were true and sharing that acceptance and love with others.

Thursday, July 23, 2009

Who are the false and evil monks/prophets/rules of the age?

An interesting suggestion by Ryuei in his series on the relevance of the teachings of Nichiren, especially his treatise Rissho Ankoku Ron, for contemporary American society...
A statue of Nichiren outside Honnoji temple on...Image via Wikipedia
I have talked about the rulers and expressed my view that we are in a sense the rulers and the Dharma we are held accountable to as a society is the Dharma of international law, human rights, and common decency. But who are the false and evil monks of this age? I would say that they are those who are responsible for teaching us our worldviews, values, morality and ethics. They are the priests, ministers, rabbis, imams, scientists, doctors, psychologists, and of course school teachers. Now Nichiren was not concerned with reforming other religions or even with converting other people to Buddhism since he lived in a society where everyone was Buddhist. His concern was with what kind of Buddhism people were going to follow - a false one that distorted the Buddha’s teachings or an authentic Buddhism that was in accord with the Buddha's teachings. We, however, live in a pluralistic society where Buddhism

is a minority view and has only recently begun to have an impact on our culture and its worldview and values. As yet, that impact is not very strong, and may amount to no more than a fad. But I think that, Buddhist or not, our society should be committed to the truth and to a compassionate engagement with each other and the rest of the world. This is what our age's teachers should be held accountable for. This goes beyond religious affiliation. The commitment to truth, justice, and compassion should be a universal and deeply ecumenical endeavor that goes beyond particular dogmas. In promoting a commitment to truth, justice, and compassion (and not necessarily just that) I believe that we will be living in the spirit of the Rissho Ankoku Ron wherein the health and welfare of society is dependent on its fidelity to the Dharma, the true nature of reality.

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Wednesday, March 25, 2009

Greatly deluded within realization

Those who have great realization about delusion are buddhas. Those who are greatly deluded within realization are sentient beings.

-Dogen, "Flowers Fall"

This reminds me of something I once read (again). Basically, a student asked (paraphrasing): People seek rebirth in the Pure Land so they can be sure to attain enlightenment, but if the Pure Land isn't a literal place and is instead symbolic, then why not just go straight for enlightenment? Why seek to literally be reborn in an imaginary/metaphorical place? Here is part of the reply...


In truth, all the pure and impure lands in the ten directions are like dreams and illusions; however, only when we have attained the “Illusion-like Samadhi” can we see them as illusory and false. If we have not yet reached that stage, we will still see them as real, we are still subject to their sway, we will still know sorrow and happiness, we still feel uncomfortable during the summer heat and are even bothered by such small things as mosquito and ant bites. Thus, how can we speak about things being illusory? We should realize that the Pure Land method is a wonderful expedient of the Buddha, borrowing an illusory realm of happiness to help being escape from an illusory realm of great suffering, full of obstructing conditions and dangers. Them, from that happy, peaceful, illusory realm, cultivation progresses easily and the ever-silent realm of the True Mind is swiftly attained...


One more point to bear in mind: if we speak about the Truth of Emptiness without having attained that stage (or at least reached a certain level of achievement in our practice) we certainly cannot convert others but will only end up in useless arguments and disputes. (pp. 152)


Of the two types of attachments, to existence and to emptiness, the latter is very dangerous. Both the Lankavatara and the Esoteric Adornment Sutra state:


"It is better to be attached to existence, though attachment may be as great as Mount Sumeru, than to be attached to emptiness, though attachment may be as small as a mustard seed.”




Attachment to “existence” leads to mindfulness of cause and effect, wariness of transgressions and fear of breaking the precepts, as well as to Buddha and sutra recitation and performance of good deeds. Although these actions are bound to forms and not free and liberated, they are all conducive to merits, virtues, and good roots. On the other hand, if we are attached to emptiness without having attained True Emptiness, but refuse to follow forms and cultivate merits and virtues, we will certainly sink into the cycle of birth and death. (pp.153-154)


-excerpted from the comments of Master Thich Thien Tam in Pure Land Buddhism: Dialogues with Ancient Masters (from the section "Doubts & Questions about Pure Land")


In other words, it is one thing to start a practice believing literally in the metaphors and symbols (represented here as attachment to "existence"), and after long practice, come to move beyond the dichotomy of literal/symbolic based on having realized the Truth being pointed to in the tradition (represented here as attaining True Emptiness). But to just start saying "Oh, these are all just clever systems pointing to X", without ever having developed any genuine sense or appreciation of X beyond a dry and abstract conceptual level, you will then be "too clever" to really do the practices with sincerity, especially those where you need to "buy into" the imagery or the story (this cleverness represented here as attachment to "emptiness"). Hence you are actually #$^@* out of luck and would have been better off just believing in the literal view.

I am also reminded of other things I have read, such as this from a Zen-based group known as the Buddhist Society for Compassionate Wisdom....

  1. All sentient beings are buddhas.

  2. Samsara is Nirvana.

  3. One's passions are enlightenment.

  4. We are an interrelated whole.

  5. Everyday life is the Way.

Number #3 is particularly relevant and reminiscent of the teachings of the SGI, particularly long-time President Ikeda's views. Which in turn reminds me of sayings like these...

"Form is no other than emptiness, emptiness no other than form; form is exactly emptiness, emptiness exactly form" -Heart Sutra "Each form, each particle, is a Buddha. One form is all Buddhas. All forms, all particles, are all Buddhas. All forms, sounds, scents, feelings, and phenomena are also like this, each filling all fields." -Pai-chang"Ultimately, all phenomena are contained within one's life, down to the last particle of dust. The nine mountains and the eight seas are encompassed by one's body; the sun, moon and myriad stars are contained within one's mind." -Nichiren "Each Buddha-Tathagata, as the body of the Dharmadhatu, pervades the mind of all sentient beings. This is why when your mind perceives the Buddha, it is your mind that possesses the thirty-two prominent features and the eighty secondary attributes. This mind that creates the Buddha is the mind that is the Buddha, and the wisdom of the Buddhas true, universal and ocean-like arises from this mind. This is why you should single-mindedly fix your thoughts and contemplatively examine that Buddha, that tathagata, that Arhat, that Supremely Awakened One." -The Sutra of Contemplation on the Buddha of Immeasurable Life "You have always been one with the Buddha, so do not pretend you can ATTAIN to this oneness by various practices." -Huang Po "Affliction is Bodhi and the cycle of birth and death is Nirvana" -Platform Sutra of Hui Neng "Happy is one who knows samsara and nirvana are not two." - Milarepa "Just understand that birth-and-death is itself nirvana. There is nothing such as birth and death to be avoided; there is nothing such as nirvana to be sought. Only when you realize this are you free from birth and death." - Dogen "At this moment, is there anything lacking? Nirvana is right here now before our eyes. This place is the lotus land. This body now is the Buddha." -Hakuin "The Way does not require cultivation, just don't pollute it." -Chan ancestor Mazu

Wednesday, September 10, 2008

Celebrities and Soka Gakkai

Have you noticed the reports of celebrities who are taking up Buddhism? Have you noticed that several of them are in some way affiliated with Soka Gakkai? (There are exceptions - Richard Gere is more interested in Tibetan Buddhism.) Have you noticed that the ones that do tend to be in the music industry? If you haven't, it may be because you are not interested in celebrity or you are not interested in Buddhism, but it has caught my attention. Herbie Hancock has been practicing Buddhism with the Soka Gakkai for many years, as has Tina Turner, who even demonstrated what may be a portion of the Gongyo recitation from the Lotus Sutra on Larry King's show a few years ago. I am not a big celebrity fan, but when I hear about some star taking up Buddhism, it peaks my interest. More recently the list has included Orlando Bloom, Courtney Love, and now, Amy Winehouse.

Then again, a lot of Hollywood types have converted to Scientology.

Scientology is controversial in part because it was founded on the writings of a science fiction writer, and critics have suggested its claims and methods are, to be charitable, very questionable. The stereotype of Hollywood celebrities as shallow and vain individuals who want to appear to have depth of intellect and social conscience, which is unflattering to say the least, has cast its shadow over the popularity of Scientology among such a crowd. Warranted or not, this has helped fuel the lampooning of the movement. Similarly, critics of Soka Gakkai have accused it of becoming a cult of personality centered around its current President, Daisaku Ikeda. The celebrity appeal of the Soka Gakkai, though smaller than that of Scientology, can in a perverse way cast a similarly disparaging cynical glow over that organization.

Is that fair? No.

Whatever faults Soka Gakkai may have, the fact that people with celebrity have been introduced to their practice isn't relevant. But it certainly makes for an easy target. Perhaps the next question should be - when will Soka Gakkai be featured on South Park?

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Friday, February 8, 2008

On not disparaging practices such as Buddha and sutra recitation

Or, alternatively, this could be titled "On not getting too hung up on elegant-sounding principles and neglecting reality".

I recently quoted the Buddhist monk Nichiren as writing that "Neither the Pure Land nor Hell exists outside oneself; both lie only within one’s own heart. Awakened to this, one is called a Buddha; deluded about it, one is called an ordinary person." This comes from "Hell is the Land of Tranquil Light", one of the letters Nichiren Buddhists tend to view as highly instructive in terms of the insights of their tradition's founder. It was a follow-up to my most recent efforts in wrestling with an important concept in Mahayana Buddhism - the idea that nirvana and samsara are "not two". I want to share and explore a comment that was left, and to do so in a manageable way and to make the conversation more accessible, I am replying here as a new post rather than in the comments section.

Here is the very thoughtful and helpful reply:

Yes, but practically speaking, "ordinary persons" might talk a lot about these matters, and have no real transformation. Into my opinion, only a Buddha can say things like this and truly understand them. For an ordinary person, to see Pure Land and Amida as being outside himself, aspire to be born there and entrust in Amida is beneficial and this simple faith can lead him to Buddhahood. No matter how many times ordinary people talk about non-duality, they will never escape it, so why not use it and make it a skillful mean? I think that Pure Land path is really doing this, which makes it different from the Zen path or other paths based on personal power. When reading your post, I suddenly remembered the words of Shinran Shonin in his Kyogyoshinsho:


"But the monks and laity of this latter age and the religious teachers of these times are floundering in concepts of "self-nature" and "mind-only," and they disparage the true realization of enlightenment in the Pure Land Way."
I share the concerns expressed above, and that is why I feel it is important for me to keep pointing such concerns out. I often write that these things sound great but they don't do much good if they aren't connected to genuine insight into such matters. It just becomes some kind of vain speculation, where people like the idea but cannot or do not wish to deal with the reality. It is also why I constantly talk about my inadequacy in discussing such topics.

I am also reminded of something I read several months ago on this very issue which is very pertinent and may be useful to people dealing with these issues...

Question:


The Diamond Sutra states, “All mundane (conditioned) dharmas are like dreams, illusions, shadows and bubbles.” Therefore the Saha World being illusory, so is the Land of Ultimate Bliss. Why not enter directly into the True Original Mind instead of seeking rebirth in an illusory world.


Answer:


In truth, all the pure and impure lands in the tend directions are like dreams and illusions; however, only when we have attained the “Illusion-like Samadhi” can we see them as illusory and false. If we have not yet reached that stage, we will still see them as real, we are still subject to their sway, we will still know sorrow and happiness, we still feel uncomfortable during the summer heat and are even bothered by such small things as mosquito and ant bites. This, how can we speak about things being illusory? We should realize that the Pure Land method is a wonderful expedient of the Buddha, borrowing an illusory realm of happiness to help being escape from an illusory realm of great suffering, full of obstructing conditions and dangers. Them, from that happy, peaceful, illusory realm, cultivation progresses easily and the ever-silent realm of the True Mind is swiftly attained.


To take an example, in this Saha World of ours, the scenes of stifling family life and noisy downtown business districts are illusory, and so are the scenes of temples and pagodas or mountain wildernesses. However, why is that cultivators leave the noisy environment of the cities to seek the quiet, sparsely populated landscapes and pagodas hidden in the mountains? Is it not because family life creates many binding ties and bustling urban intersections are not conducive to concentration, while temples and pagodas and mountain wildernesses facilitate cultivation. For this reason, the circumstances of ordinary people are different from those of the saints. For common mortals to put themselves in the place of the saints is far-fetched and unrealistic. We who are still common mortals should follow the path of ordinary people, and cultivate gradually. We should not look with the eyes of saints and comment too far above our level, to avoid the transgression of false speech, which can be harmful… (pp.140-141)


Going one step further, as stated in the Great Prajna Paramita Sutra: “The Buddha explained to those of dull capacities that all dharmas are dreamlike, silent, and still, lest they develop view-attachment. To those of sharp capacities he spoke of the embellishments of the Buddhas, because they are like lotus blossoms, untouched by worldly dusts.” For this reason, Subhuti, who of all the Arhat disciples, was the one most completely awakened to the Truth of Emptiness (devoid of all names and marks) characteristically received a prediction that he would attain full enlightenment in the future under the title of “Name and Mark Buddha.” Thus the sublime truth of no name or mark is inseparable from name and mark; all illusory dharmas are the Buddha’s dharmas, true and unchanging. (pp.143)


Going deeper still, to the ultimate and perferct stage, as the Sixth Patriarch [Hui Neng, the Six Patriarch of the Chan tradition] has said sentient beings are originally Buddhas, afflictions are Bodhi (enlightenment), and all delusions are the perfect and illuminating essence, truly enlightened, of the womb of the Tathagata (Buddha).


[later in response to a similar question…]


“Persons of moderate and low capacity should strive to repeat the Buddha’s name as many times as possible. While they may still have attachments and see themselves as reciting the Buddha’s name and earnestly seeking rebirth, it is a good thing, because by so doing, they will assuredly achieve rebirth at the time of death and ultimately enter the realm of No=Thought, No-Birth. Where is the worry? Otherwise, not conscious of their own limitations, seeking a direct and lofty way, grasping a the teachings of emptiness while incapable of following the truth of No-Thought – yet unwilling to practice at the lower level of seeking rebirth through Buddha Recitation – in the end they achieve neither. They just remain common mortals in the painful cycle of birth and death!
(pp.145)


[and later still in the next section…]


The sutras say, “To tire of and abandon ‘conditioned’ virtues is the action of demons. Yet, to be greedy and attached to transcendental, unconditioned virtues is also demonic action.” Ancient sages have also said that “Conditioned dharmas, while illusory, cannot be abandoned if we are to attain the Way. Although unconditioned dharmas are true, if we become attached to them, our wisdom-nature will not be comprehensive.” These words clearly demonstrate that, on the path to enlightenment, unconditioned and conditioned dharmas, noumenon and phenomenon are inseparable.


It is also stated in the Treatise on the Middle Way that, “Because common sentient beings grasp at external forms, the sutras destroy them with the truth of emptiness. If as they are free of this disease of attachment they fall into the error of grasping at emptiness, there is no medicine that can help them. As the Prajna Paramita Truth of Emptiness sounds lofty and miraculous, when educated people read of this literature, they usually get caught up in the error of “speaking on the level of principle” about everything and look down on those who follow form and marks in their practice. Thus, they create the karma of arrogance and self-importance. While they mouth the Truth of Emptiness, their actions are entirely in the realm of existence… (149-150)


One more point to bear in mind: if we speak about the Truth of Emptiness without having attained that stage (or at least reached a certain level of achievement in our practice) we certainly cannot convert others but will only end up in useless arguments and disputes. (pp. 152)


Of the two types of attachments, to existence and to emptiness, the latter is very dangerous. Both the Lankavatara and the Esoteric Adornment Sutra state:
"It is better to be attached to existence, though attachment may be as great as Mount Sumeru, than to be attached to emptiness, though attachment may be as small as a mustard seed.”


Attachment to “existence” leads to mindfulness of cause and effect, wariness of transgressions and fear of breaking the precepts, as well as to Buddha and sutra recitation and performance of good deeds. Although these actions are bound to forms and not free and liberated, they are all conducive to merits, virtues, and good roots. On the other hand, if we are attached to emptiness without having attained True Emptiness, but refuse to follow forms and cultivate merits and virtues, we will certainly sink into the cycle of birth and death. (pp.153-154)


-excerpted from the comments of Master Thich Thien Tam in Pure Land Buddhism: Dailogs with Ancient Masters (from the section "Doubts & Questions about Pure Land")




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Thursday, February 7, 2008

Neither the Pure Land nor Hell

"Neither the Pure Land nor Hell exists outside oneself; both lie only within one’s own heart. Awakened to this, one is called a Buddha; deluded about it, one is called an ordinary person."

-from a letter titled "Hell is the Land of Tranquil Light" by Nichiren [from the translation in The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, published by Soka Gakkai (Tokyo, 1999)]

Just another quote illuminating the idea that samsara and nirvana are "not two". May you find it helpful.

Wednesday, January 23, 2008

Overabundant choices for the expression of direct and simple spiritual practice

Too many choices? It can be a pain being a sincere searcher for an authentic practice to express a simple and direct experience of grace, acceptance, and empathy. Even within the confines of Buddhism. Chan/Zen can be simple and direct. So can reciting the nembutsu. So can reciting the odaimoku (of Nichiren Buddhism). Even in Tibetan Buddhism there is the directness of Dzogchen. Each of them is intended to represents the full teaching of the Dharma in a format generally intended to be accessible to everyone to help them accept /realize /experience /awaken to their limited, karmic existence as well as their limitless, non-conditioned reality (i.e. becoming Buddhas). Greaaat. So which one?

That is, using myself as an example here, I have read and heard enough from many teachers to see how each tradition or school or sect claims to embody the various teachings of the Buddha and all Enlightened Beings in a simple, direct practice. They have (superficial) differences in how they are described by their proponents, and how they are doctrinally or hsitorically distinct from other traditions. That's fine. One claims to be active. One claims to be passive. Another claims to be active and passive. Another claims to be neither active nor passive. OK. But they all offer a way to transcend delusion and transform suffering, and while some traditions can get very elaborate and detailed in the rituals, observances, and other liturgical aspects, I have always been a fan of those practices that are accessible to and work for everyone, not just for those with a lot of money and time to spend on de-stressing or self-improvement.

In Chan/Zen, there is nothing to attain. In Shin, there is nothing to do. In Nichiren Buddhism, one must not seek enlightenment outside of oneself. In Dzogchen, one is to experience "natural great perfection." And on and on it goes. And heck, I really think if you picked one of those, and let it symbolize/represent your aspirations and serve as a reminder of your true nature/reality-as-it-is, then hey, they could all make great rafts to cross to the other shore. I know that rankles some folks who are keen on this or that tradition or school. I apologize for the rankling.

I could go on listing other examples from Buddhism and never even get to the similar examples from other religions and spiritual paths. I think that it is nice, on the one hand, to have so much exposure to so many traditions, but it can also provoke indecisiveness among searchers and seekers. For example, should one see "Nam(u) Myo Ho Renge Kyo" as the underlying Call/Rhythm which permeates our existence? Or how about "Namu Amida Butsu"? Or perhaps it should be deep silence. Perhaps something else. When one is rooted (not cemented) in a particular tradition, it can allow for (although it doesn't nearly always lead to) a deeper appreciation of other traditions also offering a practice to express a simple and direct experience of grace, acceptance, and empathy. "Oh, yes," a well-rooted one might say, "those are all just expressions of what I know as X, but which others refer to as Y or Z." But for those who are not rooted, with so many beautiful expressed and sincerely-formed practices from which to choose, how does one pick and stick with a single option?

For some, this is not a concern. After all, being non-committal may seem more comfortable or even preferable, especially if they have had negative experiences with a religion or spiritual path that claimed to have the one, final, exlcusive answer to life and death. But there is I believe a difference between keeping an open mind and refusing to actually be involved or take a decisive step. Otherwise one is just wearing a meticulously chosen label that reflects a particular set of political, social, or cultural affinities. There is no substance, just the appeal of associating with religion or spirituality.

For those for whom the lack of decisiveness is a problem, on what basis should they precede in making a choice? I have personally experienced this problem before myself, and I am wondering if others who have "been there" would be willing to share their own experiences? How did you finally make a connection? Did it last? What advice would you give someone in similar circumstances?

Thursday, November 15, 2007

Dhamma-nating the Conversation, part IV: Liberating the Conversation

This is the fourth and final installment of my brief review of Nichiren Buddhism. If you are interested, please read part 1, part 2, and part 3 if you are not up to speed on what I have already covered. I am not an expert or an established practioner of this form of Buddhism, so please forgive any errors. On the other hand, for those who are experts and/or established practioners of Nichiren Buddhism, this is a chance to see how it can look to other people and may assist in mutual understanding with people from other traditions.

Liberating the Conversation

Previously, I wrote:

If one takes seriously the injunction not to seek this Dharma, and by association enlightenment, outside of oneself, and if it does permeate the universe, then shouldn't a sincere practitioner of such a Dharma be able to "see it" expressed everywhere, even if not confined to a particular form such a scroll or a sound? Perhaps one may feel that Nichiren gave such a Dharma its most direct or potent expression, but after all, can something one believes is so pervasive and essential be limited to any particular manifestation of form? Can such a sincere person not here nam-myo-ho-renge-kyo in the silent meditation of Zen, or in the visualization of Chenrizig during Tibetan pujas, or even in a soulful rendition of "Amazing Grace"? Isn't sharing the insight of the Lotus Sutra helping others to find this principle, and if so, must those dedicated to doing so not "find it" themselves however it may express itself in a particular culture?

Here "the injunction" is referring back to an oft-cited quote by Nichiren. I realize that I may be poking some sensitive areas with a stick for some people, even though that is not my intention, and since such actions can provoke people to anger regardless of their intentionality, I again apologize for any such antagonism.

Given that I am not a strict traditionalist, modernist, or post-modernist when it comes to society, culture, meaning, and that which simultaneously involves all three in a direct and powerful way, such as religion, the quote above should come as little surprise. [previous examples of my thinking on such themes can be found here, and there, and definitely here and here, and ahh heck, there too]. That is, I am not talking about "cleaning up" Nichiren Buddhism to make it appear acceptable to modern Western standards, but rather re-framing it so that the principles and teachings are accessible to a different time and culture. Hence the need to understand the context of Nichiren's life and yet not be bound by it. That doesn't mean chanting the Daimoku in English, or dismissing mythological imagery, etc.

One might naturally ask, "Yes, that's all well and good, but why do you care?"

Well, as indicated by this history of this site, I have attempted to learn from many traditions, Buddhist and otherwise, and have discussed many forms such as Zen, Pure Land, etc. Moreover, while I had read the Dhammapada and looked into Buddhism, I never really gave it much serious consideration until I met a practicing Nichiren Buddhist online who was defending religious liberty, the science of evolution, and other issues that were of importance to me personally. He had a knack for weaving poetic simplicity and an unapologetic enthusiasm into his descriptions about life and meaning that was inspiring. So, the first form of Buddhism that I looked into when I considered giving it a try was Nichiren Buddhism, though I did not go so far as to established a regular practice with it. Partly this was because its representatives online and in books seemed to make such a fuss over criticizing the other Buddhist traditions, which then provoked me to learn more about those other traditions and Buddhism in general. In a sense then I have come full circle, having surveyed the landscape I am better able to incoorporate my own experiences of what might be useful or beneficial in other traditions, which is especially useful given my interest in interfaith and interspiritual dialog and understanding.

I cannot say to what degree various Nichiren Buddhists would agree or disagree with what I have written. Maybe one third would agree with half of what I said, or perhaps one eight might agree with one tenth of what I have said. Who can tell? Nor is it my goal to generate such agreement. If it occurs, that is fine. I have liberated my own conception of what Nichiren Buddhism is and what it can be, but I cannot and would not wish to impose my views on others. I simply wanted to share them in case they may be of use to others.

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Wednesday, November 14, 2007

Dhamma-nating the conversation, part III: The Controversy

Welcome to part 3 of my personal overview of Nichiren Buddhism. If you are interested you might also want to review part 1 and part 2. I am not a Buddhist scholar, so if you find errors or misrepresentations, please understand that they are strictly unintentional. Also, I have no desire to rehash or add fuel to debates between Nichiren Buddhists, such as those involved in the Nichiren Shoshu/Soka Gakkai schism. Thank you.

The Controversy

So why did I decide to use the title Dhamma-nating the conversation for this series? Other than the obvious pun, it represents how I perceive Nichiren Buddhism. I have looked at (which does not imply having seriously studied or having spent several years practicing) various forms of Buddhism such as Chan, Pure Land (Chinese and Shin), Kagyu and other Tibetan schools, as well as a smattering of others, including Nichiren Buddhism. But unlike the others, there is a kind of cloud that hangs over my contemplation of Nichiren Buddhism, most notably its apparent exclusivism and an association with aggressive proselytizing. In this sense, when I read or discuss the life, writings, or legacy of Nichiren, particularly the form of Buddhism he propagated, the aforementioned issues dominate my interest in and influence my perception of the validity of Nichiren Buddhism and the usefulness of practicing it.

One element contributing to such issues is the notion that because Nichiren is supposed to have revealed the ultimate vehicle of Buddhism based on his study of T'ien T'ai's and Saicho's commentaries on the Lotus Sutra as well as his own reflection on this text, other schools must have provisional teachings which are ineffective at worst and harmful at best. Nichiren discussed the errors of other schools (as he saw them) on numerous occasions, which included the condemnation of greedy monks with political ambitions, doctrines or practices that were incomplete or ineffectual, and a failure to properly revere the Lotus Sutra.Assuming one wanted to interpret Nichiren more charitably, one could suggest that his criticisms were focused on the state of other Buddhist sects in his day and as he knew them, rather than simply as a universal condemnation of all other forms of Buddhism. Which begs the question of whether one has to simply accept any interpretation of Nichiren, charitable or not, to see any value in his overall work or on the practice(s) he advocated (see part one for more on that).

Another element, tied to the first, is whether a person feels that the (selected) collected writings of Nichiren are like flawless scripture, a final word of authority to be quoted as authoritative when discussing proper interpretation of the Lotus Sutra, other sutras, other schools, and the general teachings of Mahayana Buddhism. Rather than seeing Nichiren's writings as instructive, inspirational, and culture bound to his time and place, I get the impression when reading materials written by Nichiren Buddhists that to fail to agree with Nichiren's stance on an issue is tantamount to heresy, so that when disputes over the meaning of intent of a passage from Nichiren's readings arise between sects or schools of Nichiren Buddhism they are known for (even if only due to the vocal actions of a minority) accusing each other of "slandering" the Dharma. In this since they are following the example that Nichiren set down when complaining about and criticizing other Buddhist sects in Japan during his own lifetime.

I have no desire to be a strict apologist for Nichiren or Nichiren Buddhism, but if the criteria for "judging" other forms of Buddhism or even other spiritual paths has to do with upholding the Lotus Sutra, then it is worth asking - what is the Lotus Sutra in that context? Is it just the book, just the words on the page, or just the title? Nichiren was a fan of hyperbole and metaphor, and he says that the title represents the whole text, and that each letter is also the whole text. I take that to refer to the power of the message in the text (note: this also has to do with views on words and power in certain cultures, so I am aware of and not excluding that influence). If a particular teacher or teaching is, in fact, consistent with the message of the Lotus Sutra - that all sentient beings have the capacity to awaken to Buddha-nature - then I fail to see why they would be deemed as inferior. I have found expressions in other traditions of the nature of reality-as-it-is that are consistent with and reinforce the concept behind the teachings of ichinen sanzen. Does that make them "enemies of the Lotus Sutra", as Nichiren himself might say?

That doesn't mean that Nichiren Buddhism is not distinct, that it is just the same as everything else. It doesn't mean Nichiren Buddhism doesn't make a unique and important contribution to an understanding of the Dharma. Nor does it even mean there can be no real reason should choose Nichiren Buddhism over some other tradition. It does suggest though, to me, that there is a limited confidence or even a latent sense of inferiority in the view that Nichiren Buddhism must be the one and only true and superior Dharma, and everything else is just a collection of misguided misinterpretations masquerading as genuine insight. That is, is the Dharma of which Nichiren wrote, symbolized through chanting Nam Myo Ho Renge Kyo to a Gohonzon, limited to those objects? If one takes seriously the injunction not to seek this Dharma, and by association enlightenment, outside of oneself, and if it does permeate the universe, then shouldn't a sincere practitioner of such a Dharma be able to "see it" expressed everywhere, even if not confined to a particular form such a scroll or a sound? Perhaps one may feel that Nichiren gave such a Dharma its most direct or potent expression, but after all, can something one believes is so pervasive and essential be limited to any particular manifestation of form? Can such a sincere person not here nam-myo-ho-renge-kyo in the silent meditation of Zen, or in the visualization of Chenrizig during Tibetan pujas, or even in a soulful rendition of "Amazing Grace"? Isn't sharing the insight of the Lotus Sutra helping others to find this principle, and if so, must those dedicated to doing so not "find it" themselves however it may express itself in a particular culture?

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Monday, November 12, 2007

Dhamma-nating the conversation, part II: The Core Concepts

This is the second installment of my brief amateur overview of Nichiren Buddhism. If you missed the first one you can read it here.

Is kosen-rufu really about "world dhamma-nation"? Can you stand my awful puns? Did I start this short series just so I could use that phrase? The answers to all of that and more appear nowhere in this post. But I do talk a little about Nichiren and the schools of Buddhism that follow his teachings, so, if that holds any interest for you, then read on!

The Core Concepts

In 13th century Japan, Buddhism was the dominant religion. From what I can tell, people believed in the existence of the gods and demons portrayed in the mythic (in this context myth=inspirational metaphor pointing to a greater truth) depictions of Buddhist cannon, including the various sutras. And people tended to believe that one's spiritual and religious practice had a direct affect on the natural world in terms of proper beliefs=peaceful, bountiful environment and wrong beliefs=violent, desolate environment. In Nichiren's time there were many natural and man-made catastrophe's. To borrow a Western phrase, it was somewhat Apocalyptic. Nichiren believed that by studying the sutras he could figure out where the country had gone wrong and prevent additional suffering on the part of the people of Japan.

Nichiren concluded that T'ien T'ai, a Chinese Buddhist scholar of another age after whom another Buddhist tradition was named (in Japanese it was pronounced Tendai, the dominant sect of Japan to which Nichiren himself belonged) had been right in suggesting that the Lotus Sutra was the most complete and correct and therefore foremost of all the teachings attributed to the Buddha. Today many Buddhist and non-Buddhist scholars believe that the Lotus Sutra was a culmination of Mahayana practice and philosophy focusing on the Bodhisattva ideal and an attempt to reconcile divisions among various Buddhist traditions and schools, but Nichiren cited it as the actual penultimate testament of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Guatama (the final being the Nirvana Sutra). Based on his reading of the Lotus Sutra as well as of previous scholars such as T'ien T'ai and Saicho, Nichiren concluded that the Lotus Sutra revealed the ultimate principle of the Buddha's teaching, ichinen sanzen.

I will not attempt a lengthy treatment of ichinen sanzen here. It refers to three thousand realms in a single (though-)moment. In the Buddhist cosmology there are ten worlds associated with cognitive-emotional states, such as hell (hate, despair), hungry-ghost (greed, obsession, deception), animality (lust, domination), asura (demon or demigod: jealousy, envy, doubt), human (passiveness, modesty, submissiveness), and heaven (bliss, joy, rapture). The basic idea is that when you use up the karmic consequences that landed you in one of these worlds, you will be reborn according to the karmic consequences you have accrued while in that world. Hence you may bounce up and down, from hell to animal to hell to human to heaven to animal and back to hell. Even humanit and heaven contain suffering because they cannot last and people crave to repeat experiences of those states. These are the six lower realms, in contrast to the four higher realms or four noble worlds. These involve varying states of realizing the nature of such a karmic cycle, inquiring and learning how to escape it (which is where Buddhism comes in), and then taking the necessary steps to actualize the teachings about how to transcend the cycle of birth for the benefit of all sentient beings (Bodhisattva). The highest of the ten worlds, that of a Buddha, is beyond rebirth. The principle of ichinen sanzen, according to Nichiren and the scholarship he cites, suggests that each world is present in all the others.

That is, as I understand it, these realms are not the strictly separate places they appear to be in some views of rebirth. Even within the depths of hell is the potential to realize one's own capacity as a Buddha, and even as a Buddha one is not separate from what others understand to be hell. All realms are conditioned phenomena and hence impermanent. This can be related to/supported by concepts such as dependent co-arising, emptiness, non-self, etc. To put it in Zen-like terms, the nine realms are akin to form and Buddha-nature is akin to emptiness. They are not separate, as emptiness manifests as form and form dissolves as emptiness. Hence three-thousand realms, or all the possible states in which we can exist, are always present in a single moment. The vertical dimension of eternity (single moment) intersects with the horizontal dimension of the everyday. The historical dimension (time and space) is enfolded in the Ultimate (dimension). To put it in Shin-like terms, the Other includes and completes the self. Not one, not two.

In any case, Nichiren claimed that this principle was the primary teaching the Buddha as presented in the Lotus Sutra, and that any part of the Lotus Sutra represented the whole. Hence the wisdom and the power of the teaching could be conceived of as existing in the title of the sutra, or Nam(u) Myo Ho Renge Kyo. This is akin to other Buddhist teachings which suggest that if you understand one aspect of what Buddha-nature really is, you grasp the whole thing. So to see one Buddha is to see all Buddhas, etc. It is a powerful literary device for summoning up confidence in the efficacy of a particular teaching or practice. However, Nichiren explicitly claims that even if you have never heard of or read the sutra or its primary teaching(s), that the teaching is so profound that just to say its name, Nam(u) Myo Ho Renge Kyo, will still benefit the person who recites it and aid them on their way to realizing enlightenment.

If you read Nichiren's work, you will see he has a flair for the dramatic and for hyperbole, and this is not a criticism. Indeed, the hardest thing for many people starting any spiritual practice is believing that it will work. This isn't just a doubt about a specific teaching or practice - it includes our own doubts about ourselves, our potential, and our capacity. As I recently wrote:

We cannot really conceive of possessing or deserving our true nature and such deep and abiding calm joy, particularly with a dualistic view of existence and attachment to form (or even to emptiness). So we see it as a mythic (which here is not used as a derogatory synonym for "false") exchange in which a being of infinite compassion has worked and sacrificed to make up for our faults and deficiencies so we can be worthy of what the Dalai Lama refers to as "indestructible happiness".


This also makes sense in that such a relationship assists in developing humility in place of arrogance and confidence in place of insecurity, which appear to be among the necessary changes in perception and attitude for seeing and accepting Buddha-nature (or one of the various other names given to this truth or realization). Through the process of learning to accept such a "gift", it seems to me we would be able to then learn to appreciate and recognize the same fundamental quality in others.


That is, often we just don't believe we really deserve to be truly, fundamentally happy, let alone think that we have the potential for such peace. So here is Nichiren, saying that Buddha-Nature, i.e. the Tenth world, is always with us. But for those who need to "do" something to focus or center themselves, he provides a mandala representing a key scene in the Lotus Sutra (i.e. the Gohonzon of Nichiren Buddhism) and encourages his followers to chant the title of the sutra. Which, as far as it goes, is really very much like other Buddhist traditions in some fundamental ways.

Let us not forget, though, we are still discussing 13th century Japan. Nichiren seemed to sincerely believe that the troubles facing the nation were due to false beliefs, and he states that the other Buddhist sects in Japan have become perverted and failed to maintain the true teachings of the Buddha as expressed in the Lotus Sutra. He engages in doctrinal debates using scripture quoting while pointing to the events of his day as the fulfilment of prophecy. Because he believes that the other Buddhist sects have lost their way, he rebukes their teachings and instructs his disciples to do the same, even going so far as to tell them not to be friendly with people who he feels are "slandering" the Dharma. While he does not advocate hating such people, he does think they need to be corrected and admonished as strongly as possible, a technique of propagation referred to as shakubuku. While acknowledging that the Lotus Sutra calls for shoju, or gentle persuasiveness, he writes that this softer technique isn't strong enough to work in the Japan of his day and primarily cites the Nirvana Sutra for the justification of more aggressive methods.

This legacy, both in terms of teaching and reflecting on principles like ichinen sanzen, the practice of chanting the name of the sutra, and the sometimes dismal view of other Buddhist traditions, is still found in contemporary schools of Nichiren Buddhism. On the one hand, some of the elements of exclusivism have probably helped preserve Nichiren Buddhism, but on the other hand, inflexibility in some areas may have retarded its growth and reception.

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Dhamma-nating the conversation, part I: My Little Lit Review

I once referred to the goal of Nichiren Buddhism, referred to as kosen-rofu, as the aspiration for "world dhamma-nation". Other than being a really bad pun, it does reflect the two sides of the spirit of the concept as I have understood it. On the one hand is the idea of "one world under the Dharma" indicating that most people if not everyone will be converted to Buddhism, specifically, Nichiren Buddhism. The result is supposed to be world peace. On the other hand is the of "one world under the Dharma" indicating that whatever their professed or practiced religion or philosophy, if enough people understand the underlying principles of the Buddha-dharma, which are not exclusive to any one spiritual path, there will be peace in the world. These are obviously distinct views. This brief series of posts is a sketch of my ruminations on Nichiren Buddhism, but it is just an amateur view. I do not claim to be an experienced practitioner or serious student of this tradition, and I intend no offense.

My Little Lit Review

If you spend any time reading the Gosho, or letters and treatises attributed to the 13th century Japanese Buddhist monk who dubbed himself "Nichiren", you will find his writing can sometimes be abrasive. I recently read several selections from Selected Writing of Nichiren (1990) and Letters of Nichiren (1996), both by Burton Watson/Philip Yamplosky as I have had a general familiarity with the tradition but not with the fundamental documents of its founder. Even from such a quick reading, it is easy to see why so much controversy and conjecture can be generated by selectively quoting certain parts of Nichiren's writings. Generally I was struck by the presence of three themes:

1. Nichiren's insights into Mahayana Buddhism and the Lotus Sutra, including his own explanations or comparisons focusing (strictly) on the teachings themselves or the general implications of concepts such as ichinen sanzen in the personal lives of his followers/fellow practitioners.

2. Nichiren's application of these views to the religious, social, environmental, and political problems of his day, including the strict and aggressive refutation of what he perceived to be not only incorrect but dangerous views about Buddhism.

3. Nichiren's personal attitudes towards non-Buddhists and those whom he deemed to hold false or perverted views of the Dharma, including his instructions and advice to his followers/fellow practitioners on how to treat such people.

I don't think that quickly reading a few of Nichiren's letters qualifies me as an expert on the form of Buddhism that arose from his insights and writings, so I do submit the following as my own humble opinion...

It seems that someone looking at theme #2 might be struck by the idea that what Nichiren is describing sounds like superstition or magical thinking, especially the references to gods and protectors. Nichiren does not appear to think they are strictly metaphorical, and because in contemporary Western culture it is frequently assumed that something can only be "true" if it is literally true, then someone with such an attitude mythic imagery is "not true" and can tell us little of value. The idea that metaphors are vital in our understanding of reality is generally key to appreciating most religious writings. That is, they can open us to aspect or dimensions of our existence beyond the boundaries we typically confine ourselves to in our notions of "reality".

Someone in contemporary Western culture looking at theme #3 might be turned off by suggestions that anyone not practicing as Nichiren recommends will fall into hell, or that such people should be viewed and treated as inferior (as a nobleman might treat a lowly servant). The historical context of Nichiren's life in 13th century Japan can help us to understand much of this theme, but that doesn't have to excuse or justify all of it, unless one is assuming that Nichiren was perfect and not a human like the rest of us.

For example, if one examines the book and letters of Charles Darwin, one can find many erroneous ideas that would seem absurd today (for example he was a big proponent of "use-disuse" arguments, increasingly so as he got older, and anyone presenting his hereditary theory today would be laughed out of academia). One also finds that he presented many highly racist arguments in supporting ideas such as sexual selection in The Descent of Man. But of course he did, as he was a properly educated Victorian gentleman. This isn't Darwin-bashing, as I respect him a great deal. The point, if it isn't becoming clear, is that the principles of natural and sexual selection that Darwin proposed were adopted and tested and refined and have become major explanations of the distribution of biological variation, an important aspect of evolutionary theory. The several poor ideas he had as well as the many attitudes and beliefs he held that we might today find offensive are still a part of his contribution to history, but they are not incorporated into his contribution to our understanding of evolution.

In the same fashion, while themes #2 and #3 are essential to understanding Nichiren's life and the history of Nichiren Buddhism, it is questionable (to me at any rate) to what extent they are truly relevant to contemporary Buddhism. Must all of Nichiren's personal baggage always be attached to the principle(s) that he elucidated and contributed to the Buddhist study and practice? And if not, does that not make writings which reveal or clarify theme #1 primary? Sexual selection can be used to explain some aspects of biological variation whether or not Darwin himself also believed in use or disuse or saw some groups of humans as being less advanced. Even if it were revealed that Einstein was a serial killer, it wouldn't cause people to abandon his contribution to physics. So long as his ideas inspire physicists and are consistent with experimental evidence, they will be maintained. If one finds that the principles and practice(s) espoused by Nichiren (theme #1) are consistent with one's own experience and are beneficial, that would appear to me to be a separate issue from the the controversial aspects of theme #2 and theme #3, which are historical and personal aspects of the life of Nichiren.

I am not suggesting we ignore history or rewrite it however we prefer. To use the Darwin example, I am not a fan of "white-washing" his story just because he has become such an icon in evolutionary biology and science in general. Much of what he chose to study or write was influence by the times in which he lived. Then again, for people at a certain level of analysis, this is not really relevant, just the outcome of his contribution to science. This is the reason why I identified the three themes in the writing of Nichiren without using value-laden terminology implying judgment. Obviously he felt sincerely pained about the state of affairs in Japan - with all of the epidemics, natural disasters, and the imminent threat of invasion, it would have been to use Christian terminology a very Apocalyptic time. Certainly Nichiren's concern for Japan as well as for the Buddha-dharma, coupled with his belief that the nation has been abandoned by its protector deities, are primary factors driving him to to work so hard to study the sutras and to find the essence of the Buddha's enlightenment. So it is eminently relevant to explore that theme (#2) when asking questions such as "What drove Nichiren to study so hard and work so diligently?" On one level, we can say it was his compassionate desire to save others, in this case, the people of Japan. On another level, we can list the specific things he felt were putting the nation in peril. But if we are asking "What is the relevance of Nichiren's efforts today?", it seems to me that the former level of analysis is more relevant than the latter in as much as we are not living in 13th century Japan. That isn't intended as being flippant, it's just an illustration of where I was going with my previous comment. I suggest the same type of distinction can be made about theme #3 as well, and again, this does not require us to ignore or re-interpret history.

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Thursday, May 17, 2007

Being Buddha, Being "a" Buddha

Another nice find, both in terms of a blog and particular blog content, comes in the form of BuddhaDharma Mum and specifically the post on The Supreme Identity which features a video of a talk by the late Brother Wayne Teasdale. The format is an interview with Ken Wilber. While the talk itself is, typical of Teasdale, and interspiritual / intermystical / interfaith review of Ultimate Nature, it tends to use the most common term for such Supreme Identity, a.k.a. God. To me this was reminiscent of my recent musings on Ultimate Reality and taking refuge as well as James' discussion of a famous quote by Pai-chang that all is Buddha --

Each form, each particle, is a Buddha. One form is all Buddhas. All forms, all particles, are all Buddhas. All forms, sounds, scents, feelings, and phenomena are also like this, each filling all fields.
-Pai-chang

In turn, this reminds me of a collection of quotes I gathered once in contemplating the regarding the implications of emptiness and the nature of existence and identity...

Do you want to understand? The whole world is one of your eyes, the body produced by your parents is a cataract. All ordinary people ignore the indestructible, marvelously clear, unfailingly mirroring eye, and cling fast to the dust cataract produced by the relationship of their father and mother. Therefore they take illusions for realities, and grasp at reflections as the physical forms themselves.
-P'u-an

Ultimately, all phenomena are contained within one's life, down to the last particle of dust. The nine mountains and the eight seas are encompassed by one's body; the sun, moon and myriad stars are contained within one's mind.
-Nichiren

The Smaller Sutra is a highly imaginative portrayal of the realm of enlightenment in very concrete terms: bejeweled railings, nettings, trees; bathing pools lined with golden sands with steps of gold, silver, lapis lazuli, and crystal; pavilions covered with exquisite jewels built on the earth made of gold. The atmosphere is filled with celestial music, rare and exquisite birds, and a subtle breeze blowing through jeweled trees which produces a melodious chorus. This rich and colorful description is said to be a manifestation of emptiness (shunyata) that expresses itself freely in any way it chooses. Since reality is empty of permanent being and all things are in flux, it can take any form.
-Taitetsu Unno

Once you stop clinging and let things be, you'll be free, even of birth and death. You'll transform everything; you'll possess spiritual powers that can't be obstructed; and you'll be at peace wherever you are. If you doubt this, you'll never see through anything; you're better off doing nothing. Once you act, you can't avoid the cycle of birth and death, but once you see your nature, you're a Buddha even if you work as a butcher."
-Bodhidharma

When I was a young novice, I told my Master, 'If the Pure Land doesn't have lemon trees, then I don't want to go.' He shook his head and smiled. Maybe he thought I was a stubborn youngster. However, he did not say that I was right or wrong. Later when I realized that both the world and the Pure Land come from the mind, I was very happy. I was happy since I knew that lemon trees and star-fruit trees exist also in the Pure Land, with dirt roads and green grass on all sides.
-Thich Nhat Hahn

Each Buddha-Tathagata, as the body of the Dharmadhatu, pervades the mind of all sentient beings. This is why when your mind perceives the Buddha, it is your mind that possesses the thirty-two prominent features and the eighty secondary attributes. This mind that creates the Buddha is the mind that is the Buddha, and the wisdom of the Buddhas true, universal and ocean-like arises from this mind. This is why you should single-mindedly fix your thoughts and contemplatively examine that Buddha, that Tathagata, that Arhat, that Supremely Awakened One.
-The Sutra of Contemplation on the Buddha of Immeasurable Life

Which brings us back to the discussion by Teasdale and Wilber, particularly the difference between saying all things are of the substance of God but that no one thing can claim to be God. This can be confusing unless one applies a concept like dependent co-arising and emptiness, in which the fullness of "God" is in all things but no one thing can be separated out/singled out as God, as in a localized, intrinsic, or dualistic identity. This would be the difference in Triyaka doctrine between the created body which manifests in time and space and limitless body of the Dharma itself. Hence in terms of the latter, all things are Dharmakara and Dharmakara maniefests in and as all things, and one who awakens to this is called enlightened. That is the difference, such as it is, between being Buddha and being a Buddha.

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Monday, December 18, 2006

Very concise post on metta, Buddism, and other faiths

I recently stumbled across a blog by a Nichiren Shu minister. After getting up, I read a little. It's very good. Of course, you only have your evaluation of my subjective preferences to know what exactly that means, so here's a sample of a recent posting...
Does one need to be a Buddhist to go beyond the affect of loving-kindness to direct insight into the true nature of phenomena? Apparently not according to Buddhism because the private-buddhas and bodhisattvas are not necessarily Buddhist when they do so. However, I do believe that the method the Buddha described in terms of right concentration and right mindfulness (and the eightfold path in general) do need to be followed whether one does them as a self-conscious practice or just happens to follow through on that way of living, whether one calls them Buddhism or not. I think the eightfold path is like the law of gravity - that is the way spiritual maturity works. The Buddha taught it clearly and explicitly, but that does not mean a Calvinist or an Orthodox Jew or a Sufi or a secular humanist or whoever might not follow such a procedure either knowing or not-knowing that the Buddha taught it. In the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of the Digha Nikaya the Buddha specifically states that only those who follow the eightfold path will become liberated. To me, this is not sectarianism but merely the stating of a scientific principle. Gravity works whether you've heard of Newton or not.

Rev. Ryuei's Blah Blah Blaaaggghhh

It's well worth reading the whole thing. Just mind the bandwidth - if the site is down try again later. Oh yeah, this post on the Ten Vows of Universal Worthy/Virtue (from the Flower Garland Sutra?) is really good too. Click and read, my friends, click and read. If you liked those, here are a few others I fished out, especially if you have little experience with Nichiren Buddhism or it has come only through groups like SGI (no offense to that organization, by the way):

  • Objectless Meditation and Odaimoku-Answering the objection(s) that only silent practice focusing on increasing concentration can lead to a nonconceptual awareness, and that this is the sum of enlightenment.
  • Other-power, self-power, and the Death of God in the Poseidon Adventure-recognition that the seeming dichotomy between Zen as self-power and Shin as other-power is simplistic and misleading and how Nichiren Buddhism fits into this scheme.
  • Four Stages of Faith and Five Stages of Practice, and a note on Sudden Enlightenment/Gradual Practice-dispelling the notion that Nichiren Buddhism doesn't include elements of Buddhism such as the Eighfold Path or the Six Paramitas and clarifies them in terms of Nicheren's views on the Lotus Sutra.
  • Ethics and the Ten Worlds-similar theme as above, but applying the precepts to the notion of the Ten Worlds popularized by Nichiren Buddhism.
  • Odaimoku as our Primary Practice-interesting as it relays some interesting views on the meaning and purpose of the Odaimoku that may surprise those who have heard of the phrase being practically idolized and enshrined in linguistic innerancy.
  • The Real Gohonzon-as above, if your view of Nichiren Buddhism comes from pamphlets or superficial teachings, you might be surprised to read this piece, in particular the references to Shin and Zen.
  • Reexamining the Four Admontions-on a roll here, addressing another aspect of Nichiren Buddhism that other Buddhist bristle at, is the condemnation of other traditions (particularly those in Japan); again, a more nuanced view that gives a historical perspective and also highlights that what is being criticized isn't typical of all the people in the other traditions at all times.
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