Showing posts with label Insight. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Insight. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 26, 2013

Underinformed Speculation and Elaboration on Buddhist Teachings

[Pixabay]

Is there a point to the core Mahayana teachings that people in the West can appreciate today?

First let me tell you that the under-informed speculation and elaboration on Buddhist teachings refers to what I write here when I happen to be pondering such a topic. A perusal of the past eight years worth of material confirms this.

This means I am not here to present myself as speaking with any kind of authority on behalf of the Buddhist tradition as a scholar in the field or a long time fruitful and insightful practitioner who speaks from years of ever-deepening wisdom. It's important to state that up front. If you think I sound ignorant, I probably am.

So what background am I coming from? In my spare time I've read some key sutras, many commentaries on major sutras, summaries of commentaries on important sutras, and summaries and commentaries compiled about the summaries and commentaries of those sutras, and once in a while I actually attempt some form of practice. Plus I've got a little familiarity with materials comparing different traditions such a Christian and Buddhist mysticism and monasticism. If that sounds impressive, you're funny. If you think it is, trust me, it isn't.

So with that introduction out of the way, off we go.

The World of Illusion


So much ink and so many pixels have been used to write about terms such as emptiness for Western audiences and who, including me, have little real appreciation for the unspoken cultural transmission and atmosphere that provides context for such concepts.

And I suspect that many people are intellectually over-dosing on these terms.

I think they are useful and even ingenious, but I can't help feeling that they are what are called skillful means, or tricks to get people to follow the right path and help them overcome obstacles on the path. Allow to me to explain what I mean by using the broad, generic translations of the terms as they are widely known in the English-speaking world.

Emptiness refers to lack of intrinsic existence of phenomena, i.e. things we encounter in our experiences of reality. We discriminate our experiences into different individual "things" (phenomena), divide those phenomena into named categories (taxa), assign properties and qualities to those taxa (traits), and establish causal scenarios in which taxa interact with each other via their traits. We use these causal relationships to understand and explain what we observe. For example, the Earth's gravity pulls the ball back to the ground. Earth and ground are the primary phenomena, and gravity is another phenomenon that acts as a property of the Earth acting on an unnamed property of the ball (its mass) to produce an effect -- the falling of the ball.

Social scientists and psychologists study how we come to have a sense of reality and how it works. By making our taxa and weaving them together into causal scenarios, we have a sense of how things are and how things ought to be. We produce a subjective sense of reality. We use our mental algorithms for shaping and interpreting our perception to augment that sense of reality and similar algorithms to explain and predict what is happening around us based on that sense of reality.

If those latter algorithms seem to correctly predict things more often than not, we assume they are accurate, even though it is possible that we are right sometimes for the wrong reasons or that we are simply selectively seeing things that match our expectations or interpreting our experiences to fit our expectations. Because we have a sense of how thing ought to be as well as a sense of how things are, we feel any disconnect between the two in emotional and moral terms: fairness, justice, rightness, satisfaction, and so on, as well as their opposites such as unfairness, injustice, wrongness, dissatisfaction, regret, longing, and so forth.

"Fine", you may be thinking, "but where are you going with this?"

Fair enough. Here is why it matters to the topic at hand.

Wednesday, July 29, 2009

Book List: A Decade of Spiritual Seeking

The following is a partial list of books I have read touching on religion and spirituality over the last decade. Initially, I was still pretty hostile to organized religion, especially Christianity. I say partial for a few reasons. One, most of the book I own are in storage, and some I have read without purchasing. Hence it is possible some of them have slipped my mind. A few that have slipped by may even have been influential, but my memory is just playing tricks. For example, I know I have read at least two and possible three books by Lama Surya Das. One was definitely "Awakening the Buddha Within", but I also read one or more of the following: "Letting Go of the Person You Used to Be", "Awakening to the Sacred", and/or "Buddha Is As Buddha Does". I will have to flip through them at a bookstore sometime to be certain. The list looks waaaay to short. If I find or remember any missing texts, I will add them to the list.

I have tried to place them in approximately the order that I originally read them, but this is also somewhat inaccurate. I have devised a scheme for evaluation as well, for whatever that is worth, based on a 1-5 rating system, using II "Initial Impact", EI "Extended Impact", OI "Overall Impact". So, something may have been really crucial at a given time, but then didn't have much effect after the initial impact, so II might be 5 and EI 1. Get it? Overall impact is decided given an extended perspective, like a historical judgment of overall significance. A comment may or may not be given.

Enjoy...

Create Your Own Personal Sacred Text: Develop and Celebrate Your Spiritual Life, Bobbi Parish (II: 4 EI: 2 OI: 3) - "Important because it inspired me to read books from various sacred traditions."

Tao Te Ching, Lao-Tzu, Stephen Addiss, Stanley Lombardo, and Burton Watson (II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 4)

Dhammapada: The Sayings of the Buddha, Thomas Cleary (II: 2 EI: 2 OI: 2)

Upanishads, ??? (II: 3 EI: 1 OI: 1)

The Happy Heretic, Judith Hayes (II: 3 EI: 1 OI: 1)

The Buddha in Your Mirror: Practical Buddhism and the Search for Self, Woody Hochwender, Greg Martin, and Ted Morino (II: 4 EI: 4 OI: 4) - "I really enjoy this book, lots of good wisdom from self-help and improvement woven well with an uplifting theme; not just for SGI members. The next two are just like extensions of this book, like sequels, but this is the best."

  • The Buddha in Your Rear View Mirror: A Guide to Practicing Buddhism in Modern Life, Woody Hochwender
  • The Buddha Next Door, Zan Gaudioso and Greg Martin

Freedom from the Known,
Jiddu Krishnamurti (II: 1 EI: 1 OI: 1) - "Didn't have the conceptual vocabulary to make sense of this at the time."

The Power on Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment, Eckhart Tolle (II: 5 EI: 2 OI: 3) - "Really got me wound up at the time."

The New Buddhism
, David Brazier (II: 3 EI: 1 OI: 1)

[Smaller Pure Land Sutra] (II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 4)

[Parts of the Larger Pure Land Sutra] (II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 3)

[Heart Sutra] (II: 5 EI: 4 OI: 4)

[Platform Sutra of Hui Neng] (II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 3)

[Parts of the Flower Garland Sutra] (II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2)

Buddhism for Beginners, Thubten Chodron (II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 1)

Essence of the Heart Sutra, H.H. the Dalai Lama (II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2) -"Joyuously confirmed many implications I had gleaned from the Heart Sutra."

Zen Shin Talks, Sensei Ogui (II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 3)

Finding Our True Home: Living in the Pure Land Here and Now, Thich Nhat Hahn (II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 3)

The Lotus Sutra, Burton Watson (II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 4)

Opening the Heart of the Cosmos: Insights on the Lotus Sutra, Thich Nhat Hahn (II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 3)

Jizo Bodhisattva: Guardian of Children, Travelers, and Other Voyagers, Jan Chozen Bays (II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2) - "Need to go back and finish the last few chapters."

The Diamond that Cuts Through Illusion: Commentaries on the Prajñaparamita Diamond Sutra, Thich Naht Hahn (II:2 EI:3 OI:2)

Dharma Drum: The Life & Heart of Ch'an Practice, Ch'an Master Sheng-Yen (II: 2 EI: 1 OI: 1)

Hoofprint of the Ox: Principles of the Chan Buddhist Path as Taught by a Modern Chinese Master, Ch'an Master Sheng-Yen and Dan Stevenson (II: 2 EI: 2 OI: 1)

Buddha of Infinite Light: The Teachings of Shin Buddhism, the Japanese Way of Wisdom and Compassion, Daisetz T. Suzuki (II: 3 EI: 3 OI: 3)

Shin Buddhism: Bit of Rubble Turn Into Gold, Taitetsu Unno
(II: 4 EI: 4 OI: 4)

Rivers of Fire, Rivers of Water,
Taitetsu Unno
(II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 4)

The Mystic Heart: Discovering a Universal Spirituality in the World’s Religions, Br. Wayne Teasdale
(II: 5 EI: 5 OI: 5)

A Monk in the World: Cultivating a Spiritual Life, Br. Wayne Teasdale
(II: 5 EI: 4 OI: 5)

The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Buddhism, Gary Gach
(II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2)

The Universe in a Single Atom - The Convergence of Science and Spirituality, H.H. the Dalai Lama
(II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 2)

Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time, Marcus Borg
(II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 2)

The God We Never Knew, Marcus Borg
(II: 3 EI: 3 OI: 2)

The Heart of Christianity: Rediscovering a Life of Faith, Marcus Borg
(II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 3)

Meditation Without Gurus: A Guide to the Heart of Practice, Clark Strand
(II: 2 EI: 1 OI: 1)

**Amitabha books**
(II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2) - "A lot of books published by a Taiwanese press by Master Chin Kung distributed by the Amitabha Society."

Awakening the Buddha Within: Tibetan Wisdom for the Western World, Lama Surya Das
(II: 3 EI: 3 OI: 3)

The Good Heart
- A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus, H.H. the Dalai Lama
(II: 3 EI: 1 OI: 2)

Going Home: Jesus and the Buddha as Brothers, Thich Nhat Hahn
(II: 4 EI: 4 OI: 5)

Living Buddha, Living Christ, Thich Nhat Hahn
(II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2)

Manifesting God, Fr. Thomas Keating
(II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 4)

Open Heart, Open Mind: The Contemplative Dimension of the Gospel
, Fr. Thomas Keating
(II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 3)

The Mystery of Christ: The Liturgy as Spiritual Experience, Fr. Thomas Keating
(II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2)

Dangerous Words: Talking About God in the Age of Fundamentalism, Gary Eberle
(II: 4 EI: 4 OI: 5)

Prayer for People Who Think Too Much: A Guide to Everyday, Anywhere Prayer from the World's Faith Traditions, by Mitch Finley
(II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2)

A Beginner's Guide to Tibetan Buddhism, Bruce Newman
(II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2) - "Need to finish."

Unlocking the Mysteries of Birth and Death, Daisaku Ikeda
(II: 4 EI: 3 OI: 4) - "Based on a wide study and synthesis of various forms of Buddhism, this comes across as a sensible overview of subtle, nuanced and sophistacted wisdom, even for non-SGI members."

No Death, No Fear, Thich Nhat Hahn
(II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2)

Whose Church?: A Concise Guide to Progressive Catholicism, Daniel C. Maguire (II: 4 EI: 2 OI: 2)

Credo, William Sloane Coffin and James Carroll (II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 3)

No One Sees God: The Dark Night of Atheists and Believers, Michael Novak (II: 3 EI: 2 OI: 2)

? Drawing a blank on this period ?

How to Believe in God (Whether or Not You Believe in Religion), Clark Strand
(II: 5 EI: 4)

A Friendly Letter to Skeptics and Atheists: Musings on Why God Is Good and Faith Isn't Evil, David G. Myers
(II: 3 EI: 3)

You Can Run but You Can't Hide, Duane "The Dog" Chapman
(II: 4 EI: 3)

The Prodigal God: Recovering the Heart of the Christian Faith, Timothy Keller (II:4)

Irresistible Revolution: Living as an Ordinary Radical, Shane Clairborne
(II: 5) - "I wish I had read this when I was about 18-19 and ready to just give up on Christianity."

Becoming Enlightened, H.H. the Dalai Lama and Jeffrey Hopkins (II: 2)
-------------
Books I am interested in reading...

The Raft Is Not the Shore: Conversations Toward a Buddhist-Christian Awareness,
Thich Nhat Hanh and Daniel Berrigan

Wednesday, March 25, 2009

Greatly deluded within realization

Those who have great realization about delusion are buddhas. Those who are greatly deluded within realization are sentient beings.

-Dogen, "Flowers Fall"

This reminds me of something I once read (again). Basically, a student asked (paraphrasing): People seek rebirth in the Pure Land so they can be sure to attain enlightenment, but if the Pure Land isn't a literal place and is instead symbolic, then why not just go straight for enlightenment? Why seek to literally be reborn in an imaginary/metaphorical place? Here is part of the reply...


In truth, all the pure and impure lands in the ten directions are like dreams and illusions; however, only when we have attained the “Illusion-like Samadhi” can we see them as illusory and false. If we have not yet reached that stage, we will still see them as real, we are still subject to their sway, we will still know sorrow and happiness, we still feel uncomfortable during the summer heat and are even bothered by such small things as mosquito and ant bites. Thus, how can we speak about things being illusory? We should realize that the Pure Land method is a wonderful expedient of the Buddha, borrowing an illusory realm of happiness to help being escape from an illusory realm of great suffering, full of obstructing conditions and dangers. Them, from that happy, peaceful, illusory realm, cultivation progresses easily and the ever-silent realm of the True Mind is swiftly attained...


One more point to bear in mind: if we speak about the Truth of Emptiness without having attained that stage (or at least reached a certain level of achievement in our practice) we certainly cannot convert others but will only end up in useless arguments and disputes. (pp. 152)


Of the two types of attachments, to existence and to emptiness, the latter is very dangerous. Both the Lankavatara and the Esoteric Adornment Sutra state:


"It is better to be attached to existence, though attachment may be as great as Mount Sumeru, than to be attached to emptiness, though attachment may be as small as a mustard seed.”




Attachment to “existence” leads to mindfulness of cause and effect, wariness of transgressions and fear of breaking the precepts, as well as to Buddha and sutra recitation and performance of good deeds. Although these actions are bound to forms and not free and liberated, they are all conducive to merits, virtues, and good roots. On the other hand, if we are attached to emptiness without having attained True Emptiness, but refuse to follow forms and cultivate merits and virtues, we will certainly sink into the cycle of birth and death. (pp.153-154)


-excerpted from the comments of Master Thich Thien Tam in Pure Land Buddhism: Dialogues with Ancient Masters (from the section "Doubts & Questions about Pure Land")


In other words, it is one thing to start a practice believing literally in the metaphors and symbols (represented here as attachment to "existence"), and after long practice, come to move beyond the dichotomy of literal/symbolic based on having realized the Truth being pointed to in the tradition (represented here as attaining True Emptiness). But to just start saying "Oh, these are all just clever systems pointing to X", without ever having developed any genuine sense or appreciation of X beyond a dry and abstract conceptual level, you will then be "too clever" to really do the practices with sincerity, especially those where you need to "buy into" the imagery or the story (this cleverness represented here as attachment to "emptiness"). Hence you are actually #$^@* out of luck and would have been better off just believing in the literal view.

I am also reminded of other things I have read, such as this from a Zen-based group known as the Buddhist Society for Compassionate Wisdom....

  1. All sentient beings are buddhas.

  2. Samsara is Nirvana.

  3. One's passions are enlightenment.

  4. We are an interrelated whole.

  5. Everyday life is the Way.

Number #3 is particularly relevant and reminiscent of the teachings of the SGI, particularly long-time President Ikeda's views. Which in turn reminds me of sayings like these...

"Form is no other than emptiness, emptiness no other than form; form is exactly emptiness, emptiness exactly form" -Heart Sutra "Each form, each particle, is a Buddha. One form is all Buddhas. All forms, all particles, are all Buddhas. All forms, sounds, scents, feelings, and phenomena are also like this, each filling all fields." -Pai-chang"Ultimately, all phenomena are contained within one's life, down to the last particle of dust. The nine mountains and the eight seas are encompassed by one's body; the sun, moon and myriad stars are contained within one's mind." -Nichiren "Each Buddha-Tathagata, as the body of the Dharmadhatu, pervades the mind of all sentient beings. This is why when your mind perceives the Buddha, it is your mind that possesses the thirty-two prominent features and the eighty secondary attributes. This mind that creates the Buddha is the mind that is the Buddha, and the wisdom of the Buddhas true, universal and ocean-like arises from this mind. This is why you should single-mindedly fix your thoughts and contemplatively examine that Buddha, that tathagata, that Arhat, that Supremely Awakened One." -The Sutra of Contemplation on the Buddha of Immeasurable Life "You have always been one with the Buddha, so do not pretend you can ATTAIN to this oneness by various practices." -Huang Po "Affliction is Bodhi and the cycle of birth and death is Nirvana" -Platform Sutra of Hui Neng "Happy is one who knows samsara and nirvana are not two." - Milarepa "Just understand that birth-and-death is itself nirvana. There is nothing such as birth and death to be avoided; there is nothing such as nirvana to be sought. Only when you realize this are you free from birth and death." - Dogen "At this moment, is there anything lacking? Nirvana is right here now before our eyes. This place is the lotus land. This body now is the Buddha." -Hakuin "The Way does not require cultivation, just don't pollute it." -Chan ancestor Mazu

Wednesday, July 9, 2008

May we "get over" ourselves

May Buddhists "get over" Buddhism. May Christians "get over" Christianity. May Hindus "get over" Hinduism, Taoists over Taoism, Jains over Jainism, Jews over Judaism, Muslims over Islam, Pagans over Paganism, Wiccans over Wicca, Mormons over Mormonism, and Humanists over Humanism. May theists "get over" theism, may agnostics "get over" agnosticism, and may atheists "get over" atheism. One cannot fully appreciate what wisdom, in truth and in folly, is to be found in Buddhism until you are "over" Buddhism, what wisdom there is in Christianity until you are "over" Christianity, and the same for all the rest. How much is missed by such nonsense. Anything one can call "God" that one can choose to "accept" or "reject" cannot be "God". So why impose that limited dichotomy on the Divine? Why impose similarly absurd limits on anything else such as charity or compassion? Just because one uses images or language from one tradition to express an experience or insight in another doesn't automatically mean the other is being watered down. Just because someone else doesn't seek purity of the heart the same way another does isn't cause for despair or disgust. That way of thinking betrays a view of spiritual traditions as cold and dead, wrapped in the burial linens of traditional teachings and liturgies. Such a corpse is either propped up and dissected as an intellectual philosophy for reducing conflict and existential anxiety or dressed up as a magical friend from the land of make-believe.

Gate! Gate! Paragate! Parasamgate! Bodhi, Svaha!

Friday, February 8, 2008

On not disparaging practices such as Buddha and sutra recitation

Or, alternatively, this could be titled "On not getting too hung up on elegant-sounding principles and neglecting reality".

I recently quoted the Buddhist monk Nichiren as writing that "Neither the Pure Land nor Hell exists outside oneself; both lie only within one’s own heart. Awakened to this, one is called a Buddha; deluded about it, one is called an ordinary person." This comes from "Hell is the Land of Tranquil Light", one of the letters Nichiren Buddhists tend to view as highly instructive in terms of the insights of their tradition's founder. It was a follow-up to my most recent efforts in wrestling with an important concept in Mahayana Buddhism - the idea that nirvana and samsara are "not two". I want to share and explore a comment that was left, and to do so in a manageable way and to make the conversation more accessible, I am replying here as a new post rather than in the comments section.

Here is the very thoughtful and helpful reply:

Yes, but practically speaking, "ordinary persons" might talk a lot about these matters, and have no real transformation. Into my opinion, only a Buddha can say things like this and truly understand them. For an ordinary person, to see Pure Land and Amida as being outside himself, aspire to be born there and entrust in Amida is beneficial and this simple faith can lead him to Buddhahood. No matter how many times ordinary people talk about non-duality, they will never escape it, so why not use it and make it a skillful mean? I think that Pure Land path is really doing this, which makes it different from the Zen path or other paths based on personal power. When reading your post, I suddenly remembered the words of Shinran Shonin in his Kyogyoshinsho:


"But the monks and laity of this latter age and the religious teachers of these times are floundering in concepts of "self-nature" and "mind-only," and they disparage the true realization of enlightenment in the Pure Land Way."
I share the concerns expressed above, and that is why I feel it is important for me to keep pointing such concerns out. I often write that these things sound great but they don't do much good if they aren't connected to genuine insight into such matters. It just becomes some kind of vain speculation, where people like the idea but cannot or do not wish to deal with the reality. It is also why I constantly talk about my inadequacy in discussing such topics.

I am also reminded of something I read several months ago on this very issue which is very pertinent and may be useful to people dealing with these issues...

Question:


The Diamond Sutra states, “All mundane (conditioned) dharmas are like dreams, illusions, shadows and bubbles.” Therefore the Saha World being illusory, so is the Land of Ultimate Bliss. Why not enter directly into the True Original Mind instead of seeking rebirth in an illusory world.


Answer:


In truth, all the pure and impure lands in the tend directions are like dreams and illusions; however, only when we have attained the “Illusion-like Samadhi” can we see them as illusory and false. If we have not yet reached that stage, we will still see them as real, we are still subject to their sway, we will still know sorrow and happiness, we still feel uncomfortable during the summer heat and are even bothered by such small things as mosquito and ant bites. This, how can we speak about things being illusory? We should realize that the Pure Land method is a wonderful expedient of the Buddha, borrowing an illusory realm of happiness to help being escape from an illusory realm of great suffering, full of obstructing conditions and dangers. Them, from that happy, peaceful, illusory realm, cultivation progresses easily and the ever-silent realm of the True Mind is swiftly attained.


To take an example, in this Saha World of ours, the scenes of stifling family life and noisy downtown business districts are illusory, and so are the scenes of temples and pagodas or mountain wildernesses. However, why is that cultivators leave the noisy environment of the cities to seek the quiet, sparsely populated landscapes and pagodas hidden in the mountains? Is it not because family life creates many binding ties and bustling urban intersections are not conducive to concentration, while temples and pagodas and mountain wildernesses facilitate cultivation. For this reason, the circumstances of ordinary people are different from those of the saints. For common mortals to put themselves in the place of the saints is far-fetched and unrealistic. We who are still common mortals should follow the path of ordinary people, and cultivate gradually. We should not look with the eyes of saints and comment too far above our level, to avoid the transgression of false speech, which can be harmful… (pp.140-141)


Going one step further, as stated in the Great Prajna Paramita Sutra: “The Buddha explained to those of dull capacities that all dharmas are dreamlike, silent, and still, lest they develop view-attachment. To those of sharp capacities he spoke of the embellishments of the Buddhas, because they are like lotus blossoms, untouched by worldly dusts.” For this reason, Subhuti, who of all the Arhat disciples, was the one most completely awakened to the Truth of Emptiness (devoid of all names and marks) characteristically received a prediction that he would attain full enlightenment in the future under the title of “Name and Mark Buddha.” Thus the sublime truth of no name or mark is inseparable from name and mark; all illusory dharmas are the Buddha’s dharmas, true and unchanging. (pp.143)


Going deeper still, to the ultimate and perferct stage, as the Sixth Patriarch [Hui Neng, the Six Patriarch of the Chan tradition] has said sentient beings are originally Buddhas, afflictions are Bodhi (enlightenment), and all delusions are the perfect and illuminating essence, truly enlightened, of the womb of the Tathagata (Buddha).


[later in response to a similar question…]


“Persons of moderate and low capacity should strive to repeat the Buddha’s name as many times as possible. While they may still have attachments and see themselves as reciting the Buddha’s name and earnestly seeking rebirth, it is a good thing, because by so doing, they will assuredly achieve rebirth at the time of death and ultimately enter the realm of No=Thought, No-Birth. Where is the worry? Otherwise, not conscious of their own limitations, seeking a direct and lofty way, grasping a the teachings of emptiness while incapable of following the truth of No-Thought – yet unwilling to practice at the lower level of seeking rebirth through Buddha Recitation – in the end they achieve neither. They just remain common mortals in the painful cycle of birth and death!
(pp.145)


[and later still in the next section…]


The sutras say, “To tire of and abandon ‘conditioned’ virtues is the action of demons. Yet, to be greedy and attached to transcendental, unconditioned virtues is also demonic action.” Ancient sages have also said that “Conditioned dharmas, while illusory, cannot be abandoned if we are to attain the Way. Although unconditioned dharmas are true, if we become attached to them, our wisdom-nature will not be comprehensive.” These words clearly demonstrate that, on the path to enlightenment, unconditioned and conditioned dharmas, noumenon and phenomenon are inseparable.


It is also stated in the Treatise on the Middle Way that, “Because common sentient beings grasp at external forms, the sutras destroy them with the truth of emptiness. If as they are free of this disease of attachment they fall into the error of grasping at emptiness, there is no medicine that can help them. As the Prajna Paramita Truth of Emptiness sounds lofty and miraculous, when educated people read of this literature, they usually get caught up in the error of “speaking on the level of principle” about everything and look down on those who follow form and marks in their practice. Thus, they create the karma of arrogance and self-importance. While they mouth the Truth of Emptiness, their actions are entirely in the realm of existence… (149-150)


One more point to bear in mind: if we speak about the Truth of Emptiness without having attained that stage (or at least reached a certain level of achievement in our practice) we certainly cannot convert others but will only end up in useless arguments and disputes. (pp. 152)


Of the two types of attachments, to existence and to emptiness, the latter is very dangerous. Both the Lankavatara and the Esoteric Adornment Sutra state:
"It is better to be attached to existence, though attachment may be as great as Mount Sumeru, than to be attached to emptiness, though attachment may be as small as a mustard seed.”


Attachment to “existence” leads to mindfulness of cause and effect, wariness of transgressions and fear of breaking the precepts, as well as to Buddha and sutra recitation and performance of good deeds. Although these actions are bound to forms and not free and liberated, they are all conducive to merits, virtues, and good roots. On the other hand, if we are attached to emptiness without having attained True Emptiness, but refuse to follow forms and cultivate merits and virtues, we will certainly sink into the cycle of birth and death. (pp.153-154)


-excerpted from the comments of Master Thich Thien Tam in Pure Land Buddhism: Dailogs with Ancient Masters (from the section "Doubts & Questions about Pure Land")




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Sunday, December 16, 2007

A little more on sitting as surrender

Seated meditation is very prominent in Western Buddhism as a practice and as an iconic image. The prominence of (seated) meditation has been discussed and debated recently on Jeff Wilson’s blog as referenced in my last writing on this topic, which also included the perspective of sitting as surrender. The description of how and why it makes sense to see sitting this way, and what is meant by surrender, was also covered. Why this attitude may be helpful or even interesting, however, was not addressed. Because I spent so much time on the “set up” and background material, I felt more should be said about other views of seated meditation and how seeing seated meditation as surrender is significant.

Part of the mix of cultural and assumptions that go with the popular conception of Buddhism is the notion of contemplative spiritual practice, which is found in every world religion. This practice in the West is associated strongly with the idea of an erudite, gray-haired (or if bald, wrinkly) man with an extremely sharp mind which can pierce mysteries the rest of us are barely conscious of. In our culture, a sharp mind is often associated with analytic skills and laser-beam powers of concentration, much like the type of cognitive capacity measured on IQ tests. In the case of the wizened, aged mystic this intellect has simply been turned toward the esoteric.

Another part of this mix is the idea of the devotion of the religious zealot who mortifies his body and spirit through fasting, physically demanding rituals, and other forms of asceticism. He uses pain and sacrifice as a way to cleanse impurities, whether it is defined as sin or desire or delusion. This dualism encompasses the impure and the pure, the defiled and the undefiled, the sinful and the holy, non-deluded and deluded. It is akin to the expression “no pain no gain”, which suggests that if it isn’t hard to achieve, it probably isn’t worth much.

Applying this cultural lens to something like Zen, I believe it is frequently assumed that sitting is some combination of these two images. When seen this way, sitting becomes an endurance test of will and concentration and discomfort becomes a currency to credit to our development towards a less imperfect state. Koans become tests we must pass to enter in to deeper and more rarified forms of insight. Even though book titles, magazine covers, and blog posts all remind us that such practice is not about achievement, that there is no yardstick for “good” or “bad” sittings, and on and on, the image of seated meditation as an engine to “reach” enlightenment which requires the fuel of our concentrated intellect and the lubrication of our physical discomfort persists.

The preceding take on seated meditation is distinct from the idea of surrender. It focuses on the physical state or the mental state as being in some relation to the right/wrong or pure/impure dichotomy. Are you comfortable or not? Is there mental chatter or not? Are you stressed or not? To repeat from my previous discussion of this topic, surrender as I am referring to it here is not about being physically or mentally subdued. Nor is it about being apathetic towards the physical world or aloof or non-empathetic toward the problems and suffering in your own life or the life of others. It is about knowing that deep down it is OK. Beyond everything else that has, is, or will happen, it’s already OK. So you can surrender to that and still be physically active, or intellectually active, or engaged with your own life and the lives of others.

Hence, from my humble and meager perspective, developing concentration is worthwhile and it helps us to become more aware, which is really an important aspect of practice, but just developing attention alone leaves a lot out – how are we using it? Also, there is an element of sacrifice associated with surrender, but it isn’t about quantity or quality. To take one example, for may this kind of surrender is about sacrificing a kind of neurotic inferiority complex when it comes to our true nature which is compensated for by a superiority complex of the ego. Nor does this apply only to ego-maniacs. Even though we may have low self-esteem, how often is that just a manifestation of a self-centered idea of how great we ought to be versus how crappy we feel or how bad off we believe we are? This kind of deep existential dissatisfaction is the kind of thing being sacrificed or jettisoned.

And I personally feel that it is this type of dissatisfaction that Buddhism, via the example of the Buddha, is supposed to be addressing. I think it is this type of dissatisfaction that, from what I have gleaned from the various accounts of his life, the Buddha himself shed when he finally sat. When he sat and, we might speculate, when he realized something that awoke an infinitely sublime quieting and peace beyond the deepest doubts of his life, a tranquility not apart from any particular thing but which embraces all things. I obviously cannot know this, but I sense that this is what the imagery and teachings of Buddhism point toward. We can debate whether this really reflects the original intent of the Buddha himself, but regardless, such a tranquility amidst suffering, or nirvana within samsara, is worth knowing. At least it is to me.

******
Clarification: I am not suggesting there is nothing else “to do”. In fact, it would be closer to the other way around. That is, such meditation, whether done while seated, while standing, while walking, while brushing our teeth, etc, doesn’t get us anywhere, it just reminds us where we are. The result to which I am alluding then, the peace in the turmoil, is not “the end” either (a concept which, when related to our practice, we could all do without). Again, that is about remembering what, who, and where we are. Nor is it escapism – it is not a static blissed-out obliviousness to the world around us.

There is still work we can do, but not for the “sake of” attaining such abiding confidence. The work of the Bodhisattva path, as this ego-centric, un-ordained, and overly outspoken lay Buddhist currently understands it, rests on this all-embracing affirmation that is beyond any concepts like attainment. That work rests on it, it abides with it, and the Bodhisattva finds the will and energy to do this work through it: to cultivate ethics, concentration, and wisdom through the Eightfold Path, to embody the six paramitas, to uphold the foundation of the three Pure Precepts.

[edited to correct typos and add clarification]

Friday, November 16, 2007

You have permission to be happy

I don't mean you can never experience sadness, anger, fear, etc, or that you are defective or inferior if you do. Nor am I referring to being pleased with yourself or not caring about anyone else. I mean that its OK to be OK. It's OK to experience a fluttery/calm abiding joy deep within. You don't need to earn it or deserve it (nor should you be proud or boastful about it) and it's always there even if you don't immediately recognize or accept it. It is beyond any "good" or "bad" actions, speech, or thoughts you create and any professed or rejected religious formalism (though these may help some of us to awaken to/accept this truth of our lives). Even when you are experiencing or considering other things, just remember that these thoughts and experiences are transitory, and they cannot "take away" this profound sublime affirmation of your existence (and indeed all of existence as experienced by all beings). No "if..." No "what about..." No "but when..." You have permission to be happy - now and always.

Wednesday, September 19, 2007

An encounter with spiritual death

It's been said before. It has been repeated in many traditions and by many voices. Part of the process of spiritual transformation is a kind of surrender or submission. I've discussed it, in a shabby second hand way, in terms of my appreciation of the Gospels and the Christ narrative and how I relate it to Buddhist teachings and principles. I've discussed it in terms of how one can finally be freed from (and coexist in peace with) the ego, as if I really know from first-hand experience. Hah! But like many great ideas, not only was it not original, but it is easier said then done. Simple, maybe. Easy, heck no! No doubt fans of Integral Philosophy will recognize this as related to actualizing the "second person" tense or aspect of the Divine. Yeah, it's been done to...well, done to death.

But how, precisely, does this occur? Can it be by an act of ego? Doubtful. Hence the concept of grace. But then isn't that a bit like playing a cosmic lotto? You've prepared yourself to "hear" or "recieve" this transforming revelation, either from without or within, but you're still waiting. Even when saying there is "nothing to gain, achieve, or receive, and all is as it should be, where is the problem with this moment, etc", we still practice and wait. For it. The it. Some decide there is no it, that "it" is just a motivational tool, or that "it" is everything and nothing so just go with "it", even though what one means by such sentiment is not always clear.

So what is "it" and how does one encounter "it"? Amida-shu founder David Brazier recently gave his account of this occurence in his new book, and this was in turn quoted and posted at Dharmakara's Prayer:
Somebody close to death does not necessarily mean somebody who is actually dying, though it might and in this case did. However, a spiritually advanced person is somebody who is closer to death even in their physical prime. Enlightenment is an encounter with spiritual death. It is not something we achieve, however. It is a gift. It is transmitted to us.

The idea of transmission does not just apply to a mystical validation procedure whereby a Buddhist master passes his authority to an anointed successor. We receive the Dharma by transmission. The knowledge of spiritual death and its consequences is not something that an individual can attain unaided. There has to be contact...

This is one of the difficulties of what is called Buddhist training. On the one hand, it is possible for people to follow a course of education and to participate in ceremonies and a way of life and as this rubs off on them they learn something. They may become more considerate of others, more tender and kind, less compulsive or bad tempered and so on. This is to the good. It inevitably remains fragile, however, until it is grounded in a real awakening experience of some degree. This latter cannot be planned or achieved. It is incidental or even accidental.

The most important spiritual lessons that I have learnt from others have not come so much from what people have taught me, but from how they are. People sometimes say that all true knowledge comes from within ourselves. It is true that when one receives some true transmission it feels as though something inside oneself has been awoken and one might like to say that it was there all along, just waiting, like Sleeping Beauty waiting for the Prince. Sleeping Beauty, however, does not wake without the Prince.

- from Who Loves Dies Well Rev. Dharmavidya David Brazier

This reminded me of an essay/dharma talk by the Venerable Shih Shen Lung (who passed away last October) titled "Are You Crazy?"...
Once we have discovered that we are Buddhists, and that this has nothing to do with the level or length of our ordination or whether we have taken the Precepts in this life or in a previous one, then we also sadly discover that outside of the company of those with similar understanding we are unable to find even a moment's peace. This is why the Sangha was formed--so that those who were developing clear vision could have the company of others who were also like this. Only when you are free of the pressure to return to worldly blindness, from the demand for you to again close your eyes and stumble blindly in the darkness like others, can you be said to be following Right Livelihood. To those who have opened their eyes even for an instant, the world can never be the same again. Even if they spent every moment of every day trying to convince themselves that what they saw was the illusion and their blindness the reality, they would not succeed in this. Ultimately such persons really would go crazy because, having tasted the truth, the taste of lies becomes a poison that drives one to insanity. Monks and Nuns of today are not much different than those of the ancient times, and while the worldly life seems to have changed much, its fundamental nature is still the same. Only individual circumstances seem to have changed, but even this is not certain.

For those of us who have taken the Vows in this or previous lives, there is a necessity to cultivate the Way. Even if we are weak from time to time and attempt to find some sort of worldly life that is meaningful, in our hearts we know that this is folly and that we are really beyond the point of making choices. Having once opened even a small corner of one eye, our Buddha Nature will keep us from forgetting that we have once seen reality and that we must return to it...

Whether we admit it or not, each of us who travels the Way has asked the question, "Am I crazy?" and each of us must decide the answer. Prince Gautama asked this question; Bodhidharma asked this question; Dogen asked this question; Kuei Shan asked this question; Lung Yen asked this question; indeed, the asking of this question cannot be separated from truly entering the Way. If this question were not there to be asked, there would be no Way to enter, no cycle of birth and death to be freed from, no suffering living beings to be saved and awakened. Only monks and nuns of the highest potential ability and the beginnings of the keenest Eye of the Way dare to ask this question. Those who do not ask it are just wooden dummies dressed in the robes of the Order like a window display in a shop. They have no active principle and cannot even begin to understand the Ancient Doctrine, because understanding the Ancient Doctrine begins with asking ourselves or being asked by others (or perhaps both):

ARE YOU CRAZY?



When this happens we can then turn our vision inward and see ourselves clearly. And we must not rest with this question but must ask the second one which clarifies the first: Is there anything that I could be doing that would be or is more important than freeing myself and others from the Nets of Karma and the Cycles of Suffering? And further: Is there any way of living that can approach the daily life of one who is in accord with the Ancient Principles? Can the life of a pure-eyed follower of the Way be compared with the ordinary life and its constant confusion? Can any purpose be more noble than the Bodhisattva Vow and Path? All of these are really the same questions asked in different ways, from different viewpoints, but the answer for this question is one thing for those who can see, have seen, and know they will see again, but another for those who have not yet seen and have no idea that there is something to be seen. How then can the clear-eyed monk or nun discuss this with worldly people? He/she can not. . there is nothing that we could say that would make any sense to those who asked, and the more we attempt to explain it to them the more they become confused and angry at us. This is not helpful to them and so should be avoided. How then can the follower of the Way answer such questions? When one says to me, "You there, are you crazy?", my answer is to softly say, "No, not any more..." and quietly leave such a one to his own thoughts.

Monday, September 10, 2007

Not creating additional causes of suffering

My recent posts have managed something of a convergence. How does Buddhism touch my lived experience? What do the Bodhisattva vows really tell us (what can we gain from appreciating the nature of suffering)? How does fulfilling them actually work (what is the benefit of one's practice)? And then, what should I write about here?

I think that the key question is "How does fulfilling {the Bodhisattva vows} actually work?" Which is basically the question I was left with at the end of parts four and five of the Pondering the meaning of liberation from suffering series. One easy answer is to say that it doesn't matter because any positive effect is, well, positive, so why try to hash out the distinction? But I don't see the differences in the benefit of practice, or one's perspective on the benefit of practice, as trivial.

If one's practice is a recognition of symbolic solidarity with all sentient beings but the benefit is extended only to those touched by a visible causal material chain (the things you do and say, including records of such events, and their influence on others who hear, read or otherwise learn of what you do or say, etc), that is certainly different than one's practice being a reflection of an immediate and intimate connection to all sentient beings regardless of such a causal chain in the historical dimension (time and space). This latter view presupposes a connection of what may appear to be distinct phenomena through an ultimate dimension, for example as framed in reflections about form and emptiness. To what degree is the latter view given more of a kind of lip service than an actual serious attention, especially among Western students who may prefer an intepretation more in line with traditional Western paradigms of epistemology and ontology?

Turning it around, what about the harm we do? It is one thing to say "Well, I don't know if the benefit of my practice is limited in the way described, but still, a benefit is a benefit." But what about that which increases the affliction of others? In the limited-result model, well, there is hopefully only so much dmage I can do, especially if my overall "impact" on the lives of others isn't very great. But if each prejudice, each hateful thought, and every deluded action compounds the confusion and misery of others, then following the Bodhisattva path is imbued with much greater seriousness and urgency.

In either view, the nature of the benefit can be summarized as "not creating additional causes of suffering". This is especially valid if one percieves that Buddha-dharma and Bodhi do not need to be "sought" or "acquired" so much as accepted and realized, which involves a process of struggle (or the resistance we display in wanting to either protect or reject the "ego") and surrender (existing in peace alongside all transient phenomena including the "ego"). Implied in this is the idea that we get in the way of our own potential as Buddhas.

So is Buddhism the West (only) a humanistic philosophy with an Eastern flavor or is it something more? I think that determines how the other questions mentioned previously are adressed: How does Buddhism touch my lived experience? What do the Bodhisattva vows really tell us (what can we gain from appreciating the nature of suffering)? How does fulfilling them actually work (what is the benefit of one's practice)? And then, what should I write about here?

Friday, July 13, 2007

Critiquing contemporary religious progressives

Thanks to Faithful Progressive for pointing me toward "The Reckoning: The proper place for religion in politics", an article by Catherine Tumber in the Boston Review. It is focused primarily on a critique of the current state of the progressive spirituality movement(s) in the US, in particular as expressed in (Judeo-)Christian terms by authors such as Rabbi Michael Lerner (The Left Hand of God: Taking Our Country Back from the Religious Right) and Jim Wallis (God's Politics: Why the Right Gets It Wrong and the Left Doesn't Get It). I think there are definitely some points worth very serious consideration even for those who may not be rooted in Judaism or Christianity. Given the ongoing debates among Unitarian Universalists about just who they are and what they are about (small example), I think UUs will find these points particularly challenging and hopefully rewarding...


[A] vague sense of interconnectedness and existential marvel are pretty watery gruel for serious spiritual hunger. They can hardly rival what conservative religion has to offer: an overarching eschatological narrative, beginning with First Things and End Days, in which personal salvation and eternal life are secured; ironclad rules for living—a precise sense of sin—along with serious cosmic and psychological consequences should they be transgressed; and a place of common, often joyous worship, where pride in offering one’s gifts to the assembled is tempered by humility before God...


What’s troubling about Lerner—about spiritual progressivism in generalis the idea that inclusiveness itself is the principal act of spiritual formation. At its best Lerner’s religion offers little more than therapeutic anarchy... Religious convictions offer interdictions that provide grounds for moral censure and restraint when people are carelessly harmful or intellectually dishonest. Absent those convictions, as Philip Rieff argued 40 years ago, the rich healing power of religion descends into self-manipulation...


The inverse of right-wing moralism, which treats interdictions as invitations to punishment, Lerner’s progressive spirituality is instrumental religion at its most breathtaking. Not only does it lend itself to utopian naiveté, it closes the circle of meaning so securely around the self that it locks out mysterious truths gleaned from contemplation of the transcendent. It is hard to respond to that universe with awe and wonder, no matter how fervently Lerner insists we do so...


Wallis might be one of the few liberal religious leaders who has reflected enough on the subject to guide his more secular and modernist brothers and sisters toward reckoning with the limitations of reason and human will. The stakes are high, because the absence of such a reckoning can unleash a drive toward perfectionism, through either an aggressively purist, world-denying gnostic spirituality or a non-transcendent, heart-squelching materialist reliance on science and technology. Not only is the quest for perfection a terrible and even fool-hardy burden, it is antithetical to the very spirit of Christian humility Wallis calls for...


[Martin Luther King, Jr.'s] own social-justice ministry was not crafted for politics but rooted in a sense of cosmic struggle that grounded hope itself. King was never much troubled by the “literalism” that discredited so many white evangelicals’ eschatology in the eyes of liberals, because the black church had always relied on figurative biblical interpretation; literalism had, after all, given warrant to slavery. Though he took in the theological currents of his day while in seminary—the personalism taught at Boston University and Niebuhr’s “Christian realism,” with its insistence on spiritual discipline against resentment—and though he had once been “embarrassed” by the “emotionalism” of the black church, with its talk of “mansions in the sky,” he ultimately drew on its cosmic, catastrophic story line. In black-church eschatology, “what is hoped for is in some sense already present,” as King put it in a 1966 sermon, as evidenced by those who refuse to give up on Christian hope itself—the slave forebears, the sick, the abused and tormented—hope that is never confined to personal desires but is always extended to others. The mystery of the “already”–“not yet” motif holds the eternal–temporal divide in tension and could never warrant a simple linear optimism or a belief in moral progress. As King said, “human progress never rolls in on the wheels of inevitability.” This is the conviction that underwrote the black church’s ministry of deliverance and forgiveness—crucial resources for King. It also made it possible to accept unmerited suffering as aligned with the purposes of God, with full knowledge that one can retain moral control of a situation, even in the teeth of agony....


Learning from King, contemporary religious progressives would do well to look for signs of religious integrity—a mood, a set of convictions, an orientation specific to religion—without using a political prism. Among them might be included a double consciousness of knowing yet not knowing God; a humility before the majesty of the heavens; a sense of worldly alienation that dares hope for reconciliation; a sense of mystery breaking in on the prosaic; an understanding, with Kierkegaard, that faith often requires a “leap”; a reckoning with the limitations of life that surpasses stoic resignation; a sense of a cosmic future that will outlive us, upon which to base present hope. Without at least some of these elements, which capture facets of God’s immensity, religion loses its shape and becomes all too malleable to human purposes.

I must admit I recognized a lot of what Tumber is describing here. For example, in October of last year I wrote: "[I]f there is a standard or banner for progressive politics and liberal religion/spirituality, it is inclusiveness." This compares rather well to Tumber's assessment that "What’s troubling about... spiritual progressivism in general is the idea that inclusiveness itself is the principal act of spiritual formation."

I agree to a point, at least if I am understanding Tumber correctly, as I wrote next:

Unlike the characterization often made by those who oppose such a perspective, it does not mean having no standards or principles or accepting any standards or principles, nor that there is no discrimination. The issue is what is being accepted and what is being discriminated.

Quite simply, what is being accepted are people. That is where the inclusiveness comes into play. If you are a sentient being, a human being, then you are accepted. That is the liberal idea of inclusion, especially the religiously/spiritually liberal form. What is challenged, differentiated, and judged? Beliefs and behaviors.
So in the sense of the word spiritual as I prefer it acceptance, or opening one's heart, to all people is the core of spirituality as it practiced. Yet the question is valid - upon what is the practice based? Which is why I appreciate the critique Tumber offers. It is one thing to suggest there is something lacking in the general milieu of contemporary progressive religion, it is another to then suggest where we might look to find examples of it. I think it is why I have emphasized being cautious when trying to "sanitize" sacred traditions rather than trying seeing them as the continuation of an ongoing dialog on the human experience with the Source, Being, the Divine, etc. A (sometimes flawed or frustrating) heritage perhaps, but a rich one which can inform and nourish the current experience if seen as a part of a living tradition or which can smother and petrify it if seen as a straight jacket for the heart and mind.

Perhaps an as yet unspoken problem with the lack of conviction in certain areas of contemporary progressive religious debate is the desire to not wish to appear as fervent or "serious" in one's commitment to God, the Transcendent, etc, much less the teachers such as Jesus or Mohammad or the Buddha, as those who could be labeled fundamentalists, in particular the religious far right (conservative Christians) or groups such as the Taliban. Is there an implicit assumption that it is somehow the degree of devotion or commitment, rather than the nature of one's understanding of Allah or Vishnu, that makes religious people (potentially) dangerous? Is the mere idea of committing oneself to a holy life enough to set off quiet alarm bells among many liberals who are indifferent toward or dismissive of religion? I suspect this may be so. If it is, No wonder so many get the impression that progressive people of faith, in particular Westerners and especially Western politicians, do not take their religion(s) seriously!

But yet such devotion and commitment was, as Tumber suggests, key to the effectiveness and lasting impact of the efforts of Martin Luther King, Jr. I believe the same can be said for other figures who are often favorably "claimed" by liberals of both religious and non-religious persuasion (Mahatma Gandhi, the Dalai Lama, etc). There needs to be a frank discussion in progressive spiritual and liberal circles about the idea that people are somehow decent and respectable in spite of their beliefs. Otherwise, to modify a well-known political acronym, we might as well be liberal RINOs (Religious In Name Only).

Friday, July 6, 2007

Using dangerous words - talking about religious language

I recently read a new book titled Dangerous Words: Discussing God in the Age of Fundamentalism, and then posted an excerpt and recommendation on a friend's message forums. It attracted a response from an intelligent person who had a take on the issue, and even though we disagree on many points, he helped me articulate my own views a little better. That is what is being presented here - my replies. The first paragraph is new, and the rest is my half of the dialog stitched together into a single short essay, hence it may seem a little repetitive at times or to jump a little in tone or emphasis. I apologize for the unevenness. In any case, here it is, an ultra-concise (and therefore surely inadequate) summary of my general take on religious language (i.e. spiritual language, language of the sacred, etc).

Some people get antsy around religious language, becoming either confrontational or squeamish. A common objection is that we must deal with feelings and experiences that are highly subjective, and for some, this constitutes a weakness or inferiority of such experiences. But does that make sense? Should we resort to myopic view like the extreme end of scientism, where we discount anything that cannot be physically measured and reproduced?

Logic doesn't actually exist in the sense of being able to touch it or scan it. Neither does love. But I don't disqualify them from the category of "what is". I simply realize that they don't fit in the domain of things that are objectively, physically documented in the same way as minerals, vegetation, or brands of cola.

Nor does it do any good to say "We see reactions in the brain" when people feel or think a certain way or "We can hypothesize how neurons would process these things", because that still misses the mark. It would be like saying that "light" is the name we give to a reaction in the eye. In fact, "sight" is made possible by the eye, and actually takes place as we understand the experience in the brain, yet light is not just a "trick of the brain".

Nor should we be arrogant enough to suppose then that everything else we experience in our "heads" or "hearts" must in fact just be an artifact of biology because we don't have machines to locate or define other phenomena that we currently can only experience and not mechanically break down and describe. I am not arguing for any particular thing to be literally true, here, I am simply suggesting that we should be cautious in our dismissiveness.

Nor is it all about unquestioning devotion to a holy book. Lots of people who aren't fundamentalists put stock in books that they feel come with solid credentials, including sacred texts. The real difference in my view is that a non-fundamentalist can appreciate that religious language does not need to be literal language, and yet at the same time a religious person who is not a fundamentalist realizes that not all truths are in the domain of literal (a.k.a. historically-bounded) truth.

This comes in part from the realization that everything in this world is experienced in our heads. Everything. It cannot be otherwise. Our brain is the seat of our local consciousness. The only thing we can actually be sure of is the existence of our own awareness, an expression of such consciousness. The rest we must assume. That is the whole point behind the scientific enterprise - a methodology which attempts to make the most reliable possible statements about natural phenomena. But that doesn't make that which is not scientifically demonstrable "untrue" or without value. If one is going to go by their experiences, rather than just the received collective authority, as you mentioned earlier, then we must be open to the entire range of experience, even those which are highly personal or rare, even singular.

My point isn't the ontological status of phenomena, which is always a secondary assumption based on the metaphysical model we choose to employ. Instead, it is that our first, best knowledge of anything is our direct experience. Assumptions about how to pigeon-hole our experiences (natural vs. supernatural, this subcategory versus that subcategory) are not neutral. Our theories, models, and theologies are stripped down, simplified versions of the full richness of the actual, which can never be fully described or explained. Hence, understanding how our use of language shapes our perception of reality, whether or not one considers oneself "rational" or "atheist" or otherwise, should be a deep concern.

Nor am I referring specifically to "supernaturalism", which is really a way of trying to make literal interpretations of the metaphorical. However, that is irrelevant to what I am suggesting anyway, as 1) I personally don't use a dualistic universe model and 2) I am discussing the importance of being open to the potential of any given experience. My light/sight analogy isn't a justification for leprechauns or unicorns or Zeus. I am, however, pointing out that there are phenomena which can and do lie beyond the boundaries of strict empiricism as defined by "can I see it and measure it" and that they have value. In addition, my light/sight analogy is pointing out precisely that there can be phenomena we currently (and possible might only ever be able to) experience directly and subjectively and not subject to scientific study. That is, prior to our contemporary understanding of light and the optic nerve, which is still lacking, if someone could have monitored brain activity they may have presumed "light" was a made-up concept. That does not mean light is somehow supernatural. Even in science, people often make the greatest theoretical breakthroughs years before they can actually test them (Einstein comes to mind). Again, the point I am making, as a way of discussing the book I am recommending, is that religious language is useful for expressing experience and phenomena that are outside our standard matter-of-fact descriptions. Such language points us toward something, it doesn't define or prove that something in the way fundamentalists often suggest.

I am not strictly referring to "God", either. I am referring to things which we can experience but which we cannot go out and measure physically and reproduce visibly in a controlled experiment. However, there are common experiences which are reproduced on a personal level throughout history. I do not rush to presume what they must or must not mean in a conclusive and final way because I am aware of the limitations in the way we produce, refine, and store knowledge.

Nor am I suggesting different epistemologies for different classes of phenomena or experience. We can use light again as a helpful example. I assume we have all heard the wave-particle duality of light before: if we measure it one way, it acts like a particle. If we measure it another way, it acts like a wave. If someone were to try pin us down - is it a WAVE or is it a PARTICLE?- we would have to say it is both and neither. A literalist would be maddened by that. However, it isn't a reflection of a fault on the part of some aspect of reality, but rather our ability to describe that aspect. Our concepts of wave and particle are not fully adequate - which is why quantum physics has attempted to reconcile the duality, at least partially, by defining such duality as the result of an equation ("wave function"). Yet this is still not fully satisfying and is more predictive and than explanatory. In the same way, there are many experiences we cannot process according to our preconceived notions and categories into plain descriptive language, but instead only partially through myth and metaphor. This doesn't make these experiences "not true" or "not meaningful", but it does mean they can only be fully understood directly, not indirectly.

Someone could suggest this is"watering down the concept of God", but that assumes that Being is only significant in relation to the expectations or descriptions given it by a particular culture's religious language. In some ways, all people are talking about the same "God" and in some ways they are not. This was the subject of a much-borrowed ancient analogy of blindfolded men touching an elephant in the court of the King. Some men touched the legs, and said the elephant was like a tree trunk. Other touches the tail and said it was like a snake. Still others touched the snout, the tusks, or the ears, and came up with their own descriptions. Similarly some touched the sides and said it was smooth, vast, and featureless. Does that mean that if we try to go beyond any one description that we are not exactly talking about the same thing as someone who clings to a view based entirely on one aspect? Yes. Does it mean we are necessarily talking about totally different things? No. Again, it is a matter of the differences in how we relate to Being. So, if one simply talks about the source of the laws of physics, that is fine, but it is like talking about the sides of the elephant. It is not "wrong", just incomplete. The trouble, as always, is that in the absence of other categories in our heads, we intuitively substitute other images and feelings to stand for things that otherwise have no referent. So rather than looking for a literal meaning ("Being is a lover--huh????") , we have to beyond literal to understand the experience to which the imagery is pointing (deep intimacy).

Someone could also suggest this kind of discussion makes the word "God" meaningless. In the exclusivist literalist sense, the word does become meaningless. But what about people who are not exclusive literalists? Nor just because you liberate a word from one tight, narrow little meaning does not then in turn imply that the alternative is that it can mean "anything". That is the same logic used by opponents of gay marriage. Their reasoning is this: if you take away the definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman, it could mean anything, like a union between a man and a hamster or two women and a sex toy. This is fallacious. A reasonable alternative is available: marriage as the union between two consenting adults. In the same way, a non-fundamentalist view of God is not an arbitrary "anything goes". And the idea/word "God" does still possess value - the term is still a placeholder for a constellation of interrelated experiences and concepts that has no equivalent in our (and many closely affiliated) culture(s).

For a very brief glimpse into other ways of seeing the issue, here is a list of suggested guidelines recommended at an interfaith conference:

The Snowmass Conference's Guidelines for Interreligious Understanding


1. The world religions bear witness to the experience of the Ultimate Reality to which they give various names: Brahman, the Absolute, God, Allah, (the) Great Spirit, the Transcendent.


2. The Ultimate Reality surpasses any name or concept that can be given to It.


3. The Ultimate Reality is the source (ground of being) of all existence.


4. Faith is opening, surrendering, and responding to the Ultimate Reality. This relationship precedes every belief system.


5. The potential for human wholeness -- or in other frames of reference, liberation, self-transcendence, enlightenment, salvation, transforming union, moksha, nirvana, fana -- is present in every human person.


6. The Ultimate Reality may be experienced not only through religious practices but also through nature, art, human relationships and service to others.


7. The differences among belief systems should be presented as facts that distinguish them, not as points of superiority.


8. In the light of the globalization of life and culture now in process, the personal and social ethical principles proposed by the world religions in the past need to be re-thought and re-expressed.


-from Speaking of Silence: Christian and Buddhists on the Contemplative Way by Thomas Keating


If one really wanted to get a better understanding of such ways of knowing and their roots in the sacred traditions of the world, there are many good sources. For these kinds of language issues there is of course the book Dangerous Words by Gary Eberle, and after that an ideal book to start next would be The Mystic Heart by Wayne Teasdale. Probably selected passages from Paul Tillich's writing on ultimate concern would be helpful as well.

Of course all such discussions and philosophies are irrelevant outside of experience. Because religious language, including God-talk, is dynamic. It is understood in the doing, not in the discussing. Just as many people "know" a lot by reading a book on the topic but couldn't actually "do" what they were reading about to save their lives, one cannot make sense of religious and spiritual language without being engaged in what is being discussed.

Monday, June 25, 2007

Christian, Atheist, Buddhist

We take who we are forward with us. Yes, we are certainly reborn every moment, and if we are open to that, really aware of it, then a wonderful breakthrough, or liberation, can occur. Yet we take our experiences with us. We are composed of transient phenomena to be sure, or at least if we accept the core teachings of Buddhism. But we are also like mosaics. Just like the works of an artist are sometimes tied to different times in the artist's creative life ("this is from his crayon period", "these is from her yellow years"), our collective works of living are also a part of us. Even if we no longer feel the same way or have the same beliefs as we did in various times of our lives, they still contributed to how we learned to relate to the world.

I pondered this months ago when reading something by Clark Strand about an interesting occurrence among some Western Buddhists with whom he had interacted. His point, as I understood it, was that many people in the West who come to Buddhism aren't comfortable with what they were raised to believe in as part of the Christian faith. To put this in my own terms, this includes ideas about God as a big Creator bully who is also the heart of love, or the inconsistencies of various practices and doctrines, or whatever - these had turned people off from religion (even though, I might interject, there are more mature and sophisticated Christian beliefs out there). So hey, here is Buddhism which doesn't even need to be called a religion if we don't want, and it doesn't spell out obedience to the whims of a seemingly bipolar Supreme Being, and we don't have to accept the supernatural sounding elements, so it's still a connection to Something greater than ourselves and a commitment to the spiritual values of wisdom and compassion, but without all the stuff that a lot of people have hang-ups over.

So, continuing what I took away from what Clark had written, he points out that like it or not, much of the Western culture is extremely Christianized. Not just the obvious stuff like the holiday or obviously religious writings or musical compositions or pieces of artwork, but in a myriad of subtle ways. In effect, we are so immersed in Christian symbolism, we don't typically notice most of it because we take it for granted. His example is talking to a young woman, as I recall, about her practice and her spirituality and he was using certain Christian terms and concepts to relate a particular insight. She wasn't able to get past the association of these terms and concepts with something she had rejected, even though as Strand put it, she was using other Christianity-derived concepts and references in her argument to prove she didn't see the world in such perspective.

Which brings us back to the idea that we take our experiences with us. Even if we weren't practicing Christians, if we were raised in the West we have a heavy Christian element in our cultural foundation. It's just there. And besides, to totally erase any appreciation of Christian imagery, even if we are not Christians, is to fail to appreciate so much of our history as expressed in these terms.

I spent many years as a Christian, so, for me, it's more than just a passive cultural influence and set of popular references. I actively attempted to grasp matters both spiritual and otherwise through the prism of (a rather limited form of) Christian theology. So, like it or not, there are certain things - prayers, songs, images, etc - which are going to provoke a response. And I don't just mean a memory or an old association between how I felt at age whatever and some sight or smell which triggers a kind of flashback. I mean that, for example, in trying to appreciate the Bodhisattva ideal, I do so with a grounding in the Gospel.

I can read the story of Ksitigharba, for example, who vows to save all those lost and suffering in the Hell realms, but I acknowledge that when I attempt to deeply meditate on such unwavering sacrifice and devotion to the salvation of the worst offenders and "least deserving", this is connected to my early appreciation of such sacrifice by Christ on the Cross. Yet that doesn't mean I believe in a historically literal crucifixion and bodily resurrection.

So, I acknowledge that while I don't hold to many of the beliefs I once did, especially the literal/historical elements of significant portions of the Bible, I still acknowledge there is a greater truth found in that collection of books which I could not fully appreciate when I was a "believer". In fact, it took a stroll through atheism and then Buddhism to finally come to appreciate just how much wisdom is actually contained in the Bible!

Speaking of my atheism, what I took from it was not really atheism as many people appreciate it. I suppose it was a logical step when I began to question theism as it is often presented. But in keeping an open mind I realized after a while I had reached an impasse. Skepticism for the sake of skepticism didn't lead me to new insights. It was too safe to sit away from the spiritual journey and snipe at the obvious shortcomings of many traveling various religious paths. Yes, I had stripped my beliefs down, ground them down, grinding my assumptions about everything spiritual and religious to dust. But having torn down the old edifice, that left a question - now that I had a kind of fresh start, what was next? If I followed the principles of inquiry and honesty that had led me this far, where would they take me next? Yes, it would be leaving the what had the appearance of an "objective" safe haven, but so what? Some truths cannot be found in debating philosophy or in a science lab - they are the domain of deeply personal experience.

But I was shy, so to speak, and still somewhat cynical with regard to religion, and so as I described above for someone in this position, Buddhism seemed like a good bet. And I found had to keep re-evaluating how I used certain terms and concepts, finding they meant more than the classic theist-atheist debate would allow. I began and continue to explore these deeper subtleties of spirituality and religion, and with this exploration a treasure trove of challenges and insights I had neglected both as an conservative Protestant evangelical Christian and as an avowed "non-believer".

That is why I have referred to my current position with regard to the traditional theist-atheist debate as post-theist: that is, I am not limited by the rigid definitions of that dichotomy. If there is something worthwhile associated with more secular thought, great. If there is something worthwhile from a point of view based on the premise of a Higher Power, awesome. Nor am I the first to make this journey. It happens all the time. There are many works of theology and philosophy which hint at or directly tackle ideas that both draw on and transcend such categories.

As for the labels themselves, I don't use Christian just because I don't think 99% of Christians would approve of what would be my form of Christianity, were I to declare myself one of their fold. Similarly, I don't think that atheists would really care for the fact that my beliefs aren't strictly, well, atheistic, at least not except in the broadest sense, and certainly not in the popular usage. Considering I practice Buddhism, and that Buddhists, at least here in the West, tend to tolerate and even celebrate eclecticism in one's beliefs, I feel comfortable using that term, but that doesn't mean I am rejecting my past. It means I am opening myself to the present.


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Sunday, May 27, 2007

God, religion, sacred texts and such things

What do I think about God, Jesus, religion, etc?

I am not suggesting you should necessarily care, but when in course of writing entries for a blog one finds oneself feeling like repeating the same information over and over, it is probably time to make a basic post outlining the issue for convenient future reference via web link. In this case I have written about some of this stuff before so this a more recent summary entry, a place I can redirect people to save us all time, and it may in the future be included as a reference for a newer summary. It's a bit long and you may find it boring in some places, so only go through what you find necessary or helpful or interesting. With that caution in mind, let's get going...

Sacred Texts

I see scriptures and sacred texts as revelations of the heart. So, there will be factual errors, historical and cultural biases, and conflicting perspectives. These writing are poems, parables, and personal narratives mixed with history and cultural values. If one strictly evaluates such writings on the basis of verifiable historical accuracy, one is missing out on quite a bit. Ahistorical truth refers to lessons which do not required the account in which they are embedded to be historically verifiable and accurate (for example, one doesn't have to show that the race between the tortoise and the hare actually happened to understand the value of the tale). So, given historical, cultural, and societal biases and looking at certain stories from this frame, there is a great deal of wisdom contained in many of the sacred texts of the world regardless of one's view about God or whether one belongs to a particular religion. But I have no time personally for claims of inerrancy, especially the literal variety.

For more on this search the entries for terms such as "ahistorical".

God

I also consider my position to be post-theism. That is, I do not require nor arbitrarily reject God language. The closest thing to established Western views of God I hold are akin to Tillich's object of ultimate concern, or what some may refer to as apophatic mysticism. In Eastern terms the closest references are non-personified and found in expressions such as Tao or Shunyata. So as far as some Super Creator from a particular human-made mythology - no, I do not believe in that. But neither do I embrace scientism, ontological naturalism/reductionism, nihilism, or the "absurdity of existence" schools of existentialism. To me, Being (notice the capped 'B') is beyond conventional conceptualization or descriptions, for example living/nonliving, finite/infinite, transcendent/immanent. That's why one employs terms like apophatic or ineffable.

Now, some people find this kind of description frustrating, like it is some way to put Being beyond scrutiny, or worse, when some people make very "effable" (cataphatic) statements about God or what not then retreat to " it's ineffable" when the questions get hard. In my view many constructions of "God" or "ultimate concern" are attempts to familiarize it and make it easier to discuss (and in some systems to predict or even control). Then there is the idea that to really open one's heart to the possibilities of our Being, it's hard for most, at least initially, to do so with a seemingly impersonal "force". Hence some personified construction may be useful initially as a place-holder. It is of course very easy to take such images and put them into service as symbols of power and control. I am opposed to such usage and the oppression which it can engender, as well as the fact that such placeholders tend to be shaped by the social psychology, cultural ecology, and political history of the people's making such imagery (polytheism versus montheism, for example).

If you want to get more specific examples, how my views have changed, or read more general discussion of the topic, search the entries here for terms such as "God" and "Ultimate Reality".

Religion

So, given what is written above about sacred texts and God, what about religion? A working personal definition I have for the term is "A mediation of spiritual insight and conventional cultural knowledge through traditions employing myth and ritual." In order to understand it better it helps to know my working definition for spirituality - "Being connected to something in a sense of transcending our own personal limitations, a dedication to something greater than ourselves offering a sense of purpose or fulfillment." I have written quite a bit about how I use the term religion, including in the entry that talks about the goals and perspective of this blog. I think this entry and that entry might also be helpful for further clarification.


Jesus & Christianity

So, taking Jesus as an example of how this works in my perspective, this entry is very helpful! If you are still curious, then this one and that one are also helpful expansions on that foundation. And even more helpful might be this one here - from it one can get a glimpse of what Christianity might look like adopting the kinds of definitions and concepts that I am discussing here (I think it resembles the Christianity called for by Bishop Spong)...

1. "God" is a controversial term because of the place it holds in our language and the deeply personal nature of the experiences and stories in which it is relevant. In this context it represents the endless potential from/in which which all existence/universes spring, known in various cultures and traditions as I AM, as the Tao, as the essence of shunyata and tathata expressed as the dharmakaya, and other hopeless attempts to name the ineffable, which is simultaneously transcendent and immanent.


2. In an attempt to grasp and make this Source familiar, myths arose using metaphorical and poetic language in which God was fashioned in our own image as an anthropomorphic Supreme Being, that is, a Creator God who is more or less like a human being without all the faults and with unlimited knowledge and power. Yet all traditions have elements, in particular revelations from mystic seekers, which speak of Being beyond human labels such as "personal" or "impersonal".


3. Creation, rather than viewed as a singular event, can be seen as a perpetual act of the Divine of which all of existence is composed and in which all of existence participates, arising and dissolving in a continuous flow of what can be and what is.


4. Sin in this scenario is separation from direct union with the mind/will of the Source; rather than a literal view of sin as a blood curse inherited from the disobedience of Adam and Eve, it is a description of how certain actions, speech, and thoughts lead one away from the truth of the fundamental inter-connection of all things. In this ignorance we forget our own inherent completeness as an individual within a greater whole.


5. Original sin is the story (interpreted figuratively) of how humanity became separated from God, that is, how they came to neglect an inherent awareness of the Divine, or again, our interrelated to all that is. This is a personal story that is replayed over and over in the life of every human being, not simply and event that occurred in an actual garden.


6. The story of the Gospels is the story of how God became manifest in the human world as Jesus Christ in order to bridge the gulf that came to separate humanity from the Divine; in this view it is an ahistorical (its value goes beyond its historical reality) story providing an exemplar of the the proper relationship of humanity and the Divine. That is, to be "crucified and resurrected with Christ" is to follow his example of spiritual maturity and realize the same uncompromising love for all of humanity. In remembering our inherent union with the Source, we are reconciled to it and completed by it.


7. The story of Jesus being crucified, being laid to rest in a tomb, and experiencing a bodily resurrection after three days, is a part of the larger ahistorical teaching; the truth of the story lies in the heart, not in what cannot be verified or rejected empirically. In this sense Christ is met in opening our hearts to all people in service and love, not simply by reading a book, saying the proper spell or prayer, or belonging to the right religion or denomination.


8. The message of Christ is one of reconciliation with God and the abundance of undifferentiated grace; the plight of the unsaved is a depiction of the suffering of those who have not been reconciled to God, whether it be through religion or not.

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